MULTIMEDIA COMMUNICATIONS

Transcription

1 MULTIMEDIA COMMUNICATIONS Protocols and Applications Edited by: Franklin F. Kuo Wolfgang Effelsberg J.J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves To join a Prentice Hall PTR Internet mailing list, point to: ISBN 0-13-flSb123-l Prentice Hall PTR Upper Saddle River, NJ

2 Table of Contents Authors Preface Who Should Read This Book What This Book Covers What This Book Does Not Cover How the Book Came To Be Acknowledgments xi xiii xiii xiv xiv xiv xv 1 Introduction to Multimedia The Internet and Multimedia Communications Continuous and Discrete Media Digital Signals Sampling Quantization and Encoding Bit Rate Still Images 5

3 iv Table of Contents 1.5 Text and Graphics Moving Graphics and Images Encoding and Decoding Bandwidth vs. Compression Project TeleTeaching Background and Motivation Teleteaching Scenarios Multimedia Teaching Materials Industrial Partners Comparable Projects References 16 2 Multimedia Networks: Requirements and Performance Issues Distributed Multimedia Applications Peer-to-Peer and Multipeer Communications Network Performance Parameters for Multimedia Throughput Error Rate Delay Round-trip Delay Delay Variation or Jitter Characteristics of Multimedia Traffic Sources Throughput Variation with Time Time Dependency Bidirectional Symmetry Factors That Affect Network Performance Throughput Performance Factors Issues in Network Error Performance Network Delay Performance Issues Multimedia Traffic Requirements for Networks Throughput Requirements 30

4 2.6.2 Reliability (Error Control) Requirements Delay Requirements Quality of Service References 33 Compression Methods Introduction to Compression Methods Basic Coding Methods Run-Length Coding Huffman Coding Arithmetic Coding Discrete Cosine Transform Differential Pulse Code Modulation Motion-Compensated Prediction Video Compression Nonstandardized Techniques JPEG H MPEG-1 Video MPEG-2 Video MPEG-4 Video 61 3:3.7 H Wavelet Image Compression Fractal Image Compression Audio Compression Variants of Pulse Code Modulation MPEG-1 Audio Perceptual Audio Coder More Information about Compression Methods References 73 V

5 vi Table of Contents 4 Subnetwork Technology Networking Requirements of Multimedia Applications Throughput End-to-End Delay Multipoint Communication Reliability Channel Synchronization Networking Technologies Relevant Parameters Ethernet Base-T (Fast Ethernet) Isochronous Ethernet Token Ring Demand Priority FDDI FDDI II DQDB X.25 Packet-Switching Frame Relay IP Packet-Switching Networks ISDN ATM IP-Switching Summary of Network Characteristics Networking Infrastructure Evolution Network Deployment Issues WAN Evolution LAN Topology Evolution Integration of ATM into the LAN Infrastructure Classical IP over ATM (RFC 1577) " IP Multicasting over ATM 115

6 4.3.7 LAN Emulation Services over ATM Native Multimedia Communication over ATM Summary^ References Network and Transport Layer Protocols for Multimedia Principles and Algorithms of Traditional Protocols Routing Reliability Multicast Problems with Traditional Protocols Traditional Protocols Cannot Guarantee Quality of Service Traditional Protocols Do Not Support Multicast A New Generation of Protocols for Multimedia ST2, the Stream Protocol Version II The Tenet Protocols Multicast IP and the MBone IP Version RSVP, a Resource Reservation Protocol for the Internet RTP, a Real-Time Transport Protocol Media Filtering, Media Scaling, and Adaptive Applications Media Filtering Media Scaling Adaptive Applications Summary References End-to-End Reliable Multicast Defining End-to-End R*eliability A Taxonomy, of Reliable Multicast Protocols Sender-Initiated Protocols 171 vil

7 viii Table of Contents Receiver-Initiated Protocols Tree-Based Protocols Ring-Based Protocols Maximum Throughput of Reliable Protocols Protocol Implementations Scalable Reliable Multicast (SRM) Tree-Based Protocols Scaling and Efficiency Issues Deallocating Memory Common ACK Trees Efficient Ack Tree Construction Tree Maintenance <..' Summary Acknowledgments References Multimedia Applications in Networks Introduction Application-Level Framing Audio/Video Conferencing Session Directories Audio/Video Conferencing Adaptive Applications Receiver Heterogeneity Real-Time Applications with Resource Reservations VideoServers Architecture of Video Server Systems MBone VCR: A Video Server for the MBone Applications Requiring Reliable Multicast Whiteboard* Network Text Editor for Shared Text Editing MultiTalk 216

8 Ix Multicast File Transfer Multimedia Applications in the World Wide Web Multicast Web Page Sharing Audio/Video Streams in the WWW Conferencing Java Applets Interactive Multiplayer Games On-line Casino MiMaze Summary References 226 Index 231