06/02/ Local & Metropolitan Area Networks 0. INTRODUCTION. 1. History and Future of TCP/IP ACOE322

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1 1 Local & Metropolitan Area Networks ACOE322 Lecture 5 TCP/IP Protocol suite and IP addressing 1 0. INTRODUCTION We shall cover in this topic: 1. The relation of TCP/IP with internet and OSI model 2. Internet layer 3. Transport layer and UDP 4. Application layer 2 1. History and Future of TCP/IP The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) created the TCP/IP reference model because it wanted a network that could survive any conditions. Some of the layers in the TCP/IP model have the same name as layers in the OSI model. 3 06/02/2006 1

2 2 Application Layer Handles high-level protocols, issues of representation, encoding, and dialog control. The TCP/IP protocol suite combines all application related issues into one layer and ensures this data is properly packaged before passing it on to the next layer. 4 Transport Layer Five basic services: Segmenting upper-layer application data Establishing end-to-end operations Sending segments from one end host to another end host Ensuring data reliability Providing flow control 5 Layer 4 Protocols 6 06/02/2006 2

3 3 Internet Layer The purpose of the Internet layer is to send packets from a network node and have them arrive at the destination node independent of the path taken. Internet layer protocols: Internet Protocol (IP) Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) 7 Network Access Layer The network access layer is concerned with all of the issues that an IP packet requires to actually make a physical link to the network media. It includes the LAN and WAN technology details, and all the details contained in the OSI physical and data link layers. 8 Comparing the OSI Model and TCP/IP Model 9 06/02/2006 3

4 4 Similarities of the OSI and TCP/IP models Both have layers. Both have application layers, though they include very different services. Both have comparable transport and network layers. Packet-switched, not circuit-switched, technology is assumed. Networking professionals need to know both models. 10 Differences of the OSI and TCP/IP models TCP/IP combines the presentation and session layer into its application layer. TCP/IP combines the OSI data link and physical layers into one layer. TCP/IP appears simpler because it has fewer layers. TCP/IP transport layer using UDP does not always guarantee reliable delivery of packets as the transport layer in the OSI model does. 11 Internet Architecture Two computers, anywhere in the world, following certain hardware, software, protocol specifications, can communicate, reliably even when not directly connected. LANs are no longer scalable beyond a certain number of stations or geographic separation /02/2006 4

5 5 2. TCP/IP Internet layer Internet Addresses 13 IP Address as a 32-Bit Binary Number 14 Binary and Decimal Conversion 15 06/02/2006 5

6 6 IP Address Classes 16 IP Address Classes 17 IP Addresses as Decimal Numbers 18 06/02/2006 6

7 7 Hosts for Classes of IP Addresses Class A (24 bits for hosts) * = 16,777,214 maximum hosts Class B (16 bits for hosts) * = 65,534 maximum hosts Class C (8 bits for hosts) * = 254 maximum hosts * Subtracting the network and broadcast reserved address 19 IP Addresses as Decimal Numbers Class D: Multicast Class E: Research 20 Network IDs and Broadcast Addresses An IP address such as that has all binary 0s in the host bit positions is reserved for the network address. An IP address such as that has all binary 1s in the host bit positions is reserved for the broadcast address /02/2006 7

8 8 Private Addresses These addresses are NEVER used on the Internet and should never appear on the Internet. They are used only for private networks. 22 Reserved Address Space Network ID Broadcast address Hosts for classes of IP addresses 23 Basics of Subnetting Classical IP addressing Subnetworks Subnet mask Boolean operations: AND, OR, and NOT Performing the AND function 24 06/02/2006 8

9 9 Subnetworks To create a subnet address, a network administrator borrows bits from the original host portion and designates them as the subnet field. 25 Subnetworks 26 Subnet Mask Determines which part of an IP address is the network field and which part is the host field Follow these steps to determine the subnet mask: 1. Express the subnetwork IP address in binary form. 2. Replace the network and subnet portion of the address with all 1s. 3. Replace the host portion of the address with all 0s. 4. Convert the binary expression back to dotted-decimal notation /02/2006 9

10 10 Subnet Mask Subnet mask in decimal = Boolean Operations: AND, OR, and NOT Recall AND is like multiplication OR is like addition NOT changes 1 to 0, and 0 to Performing the AND Function 30 06/02/

11 11 Range of Bits Needed to Create Subnets 31 Subnet Addresses 32 Decimal Equivalents of 8-Bit Patterns 33 06/02/

12 12 Creating a Subnet Determining subnet mask size Computing subnet mask and IP address Computing hosts per subnetwork Boolean AND operation IP configuration on a network diagram Host and subnet schemes Private addresses 34 Determining Subnet Mask Size Class B address with 8 bits borrowed for the subnet (8 bits borrowed for subnetting) routes to subnet rather than just to network Determining Subnet Mask Size Class C address with a subnet mask of (3 bits borrowed) Network Field SN Host Field The address would be on the subnet /02/

13 13 Subnetting Example with AND Operation 37 IP Configuration on a Network Diagram The router connects subnetworks and networks. 38 Host Subnet Schemes The number of lost IP addresses with a Class C network depends on the number of bits borrowed for subnetting /02/

14 14 Broadcast addresses exercise Fill-in the class, subnet and broadcast IP addresses in the following table Address Subnet Mask Class Subnet Broadcast Broadcast addresses exercise answer Fill-in the class, subnet and broadcast IP addresses in the following table Address Subnet Mask Class Subnet Broadcast C A B B A Exercise 1 Given the IP address find The default mask The subnet mask, assuming 5 bits of subnetting The subnet IP address The broadcast address The first and last valid host IP addresses 42 06/02/

15 15 Exercise 1 answer Given the IP address find The default mask: It is a class C address, therefore Default mask is The subnet mask, assuming 5 bits of subnetting 5 bits for subnet, 3 remaining bit for host addresses, so subnet mask is The subnet IP address: The broadcast address: The first and last valid host IP addresses 1 st valid host address: Last valid host address: Exercise 2 Given the IP address /19 find The default mask The subnet mask The subnet IP address The broadcast address The first and last valid host IP addresses 44 Exercise 2 answer Given the IP address /19 find The default mask It is a class B address, so Default mask is The subnet mask: The subnet IP address: The broadcast address: The first and last valid host IP addresses 1 st valid host address: Last valid host address: /02/

16 16 IPv4 versus IPv6 IP version 6 (IPv6) has been defined and developed. IPv6 uses 128 bits rather than the 32 bits currently used in IPv4. IPv6 uses hexadecimal numbers to represent the 128 bits. IPv4 46 Obtaining an IP Address Static addressing Each individual device must be configured with an IP address. Dynamic addressing Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) DHCP initialization sequence Function of the Address Resolution Protocol ARP operation within a subnet 47 Default Gateway A default gateway is the IP address of the interface on the router that connects to the network segment on which the source host is located /02/

17 17 3. TCP/IP Transport Layer Five basic services: Segmenting upper-layer application data Establishing end-to-end operations Sending segments from one end host to another end host Ensuring data reliability Providing flow control 49 Flow Control Avoids the problem of a host at one side of the connection overflowing the buffers in the host at the other side Ensures the integrity of the data 50 Session Establishment 51 06/02/

18 18 Three-Way Handshake 52 Windowing A method of controlling the amount of information transferred end to end Information can be measured in terms of the number of packets or the number of bytes 53 Window Size Larger window sizes increase communication efficiency /02/

19 19 Acknowledgment Positive acknowledgment requires a recipient to communicate with the source, sending back an acknowledgment message when it receives data. Sender keeps a record of each data packet that it sends and expects an acknowledgment. 55 Layer 4 Protocols 56 TCP Connection oriented Reliable Divides outgoing messages into segments Reassembles messages at the destination station Resends anything not received Reassembles messages from incoming segments 57 06/02/

20 20 UDP Connectionless Unreliable Transmits messages (called user datagrams) Provides no software checking for message delivery (unreliable) Does not reassemble incoming messages Uses no acknowledgments Provides no flow control 58 TCP/IP Protocol Graph 59 TCP Segment Format 60 06/02/

21 21 UDP Segment Format 61 Port Numbers TCP/IP Application Layer 63 06/02/

22 22 Responsibilities Identifying and establishing the availability of intended communication partners Synchronizing cooperating applications Establishing agreement on procedures for error recovery Controlling data integrity 64 Application Layer Examples Domain Name System (DNS) File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and World Wide Web (WWW) Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SNTP) Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) Telnet 65 Domain Name System (DNS) To identify an entity the Internet uses the IP address, which uniquely identifies the connection of a host to the Internet However, people prefer to use names instead of numeric addresses Therefore we need a system that can map a name to an address or an address to a name When the Internet was small, mapping was done using a host file Today is impossible to have a single host file to relate every address to a name and vice versa. The host file would be too large to store in every host One solution is to store the entire host file in a single computer and allow access to this centralized info to every PC that needs a mapping but this would create a huge amount of traffic Another solution is to divide this huge amount of info into smaller parts and store each part on a different computer. In this method, the host that needs mapping can contact the closest computer holding the needed info. This method is used by the DNS system /02/

23 23 Domain Name System 67 FTP (1) File transfer protocol (FTP) is a TCP/IP client-server application for copying files from one host to another. FTP requires two connections for data transfer: a control connection and a data connection. FTP employs ASCII for communication between dissimilar systems. Prior to the actual transfer of files, the file type, data structure, and transmission mode are defined by the client through the control connection. Responses are sent from the server to the client during connection establishment. 68 FTP (2) There are three types of file transfer: A file is copied from the server to the client. A file is copied from the client to the server. A list of directories or file names is sent from the server to the client. Most operating systems provide a user-friendly interface between FTP and the user. Anonymous FTP provides a method of the general public to access files on remote sites /02/

24 24 SMTP One of the most important network services is electronic mail ( ) Electronic mail is used for sending a single message that includes text, voice, video or graphics to one or more recipients Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is the standard mechanism for electronic mail in the Internet 70 SMTP servers communicate with each other using the Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP) to send and receive mail. 71 SMTP 72 06/02/

25 25 HTTP The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is used mainly to access data on the World Wide Web. Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is a language used to create static Web pages. The protocol transfers data in the form of plain text, hypertext, audio, video and so on. It is called HTTP because it is used in an environment where there are rapid jumps from one document to another HTTP functions like a combination of FTP and SMTP - It is similar to FTP because it transfers files and uses the services of TCP (via port 80). There is no separate control connection only data are transferred between the client and the server - HTTP is also similar to SMTP because the data transferred between the client and the server are similar to SMTP messages 73 WWW (1) The HTTP is the main protocol used to access data on the World Wide Web (WWW). The World Wide Web is a repository of information spread all over the world and linked together. Hypertext and hypermedia are documents linked to one another through the con-cept of pointers. Browsers interpret and display a Web document. A browser consists of a controller, client programs, and interpreters. A Web document can be classified as static, dynamic, or active. A static document is one in which the contents are fixed and stored in a server. The client can make no changes in the server document. Any browser can read formatting instructions (tags) embedded in an HTML document. 74 WWW (2) A dynamic Web document is created by a server only at a browser request. The Common Gateway Interface (CGI) is a standard for creating and handling dynamic Web documents. A CGI program with its embedded CGI interface tags can be written in a language such as C, C++, shell script, or Perl. The server sends the output of the CGI program to the browser. The output of a CGI program can be text, graphics, binary data, status codes, instructions, or an address of a file. An active document is a copy of a program retrieved by the client and run at the client site. Java is a combination of a high-level programming language, a run-time environment, and a class library that allows a programmer to write an active document and a browser to run it. Java is used to created applets (small application programs). Java is an object-oriented typed language with a rich library of classes /02/

26 26 SNMP The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is an application layer protocol that facilitates the exchange of management information between network devices. An SNMP managed network consists of the following: Network management system (NMS) Managed device Agents 76 Telnet Telnet client software provides the ability to log in to a remote Internet host that is running a Telnet server application and then to execute commands from the command line. 77 Exercise 3 Design a private LAN, with the following topology, that would allow the exchange of data: Your subnet is You should use appropriate subnet mask and assign appropriate IP addresses to all network elements (routers & hosts) having in mind possible future expansion of your network for 5 additional hosts. You have been told not to waste unnecessary IP addresses /02/

27 27 Exercise 3 (answer) Subnet is Present number of hosts is 5, Number of routers is 2 and for future expansion 5 additional hosts, makes a total of 12 addresses. Hence use Subnet Mask. Broadcast IP address for this network is reserved to therefore available IP addresses are from to References W. Stalling, Local and Metropolitan Area Networks, 6 th edition, Prentice Hall, 2000 B.A. Forouzan, Data Communications and Networking, 3rd edition, McGraw-Hill, 2004 W. Stallings, Data and Computer Communications, 7 th edition, Prentice Hall, 2004 F. Halsall, Data Communications, Computer Networks and Open Systems, 4 th edition, Addison Wesley, /02/

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