Lecture 8 Network Layer: Logical addressing

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Lecture 8 Network Layer: Logical addressing"

Transcription

1 Data Communications ACOE412 Lecture 8 Network Layer: Logical addressing Spring Overview In this lecture we will cover the following topics: 14.Network Layer: Logical addressing 14.1 IPv4 Addresses 14.2 IPv6 Addresses 14.3 Summary (part 14) 2

2 Position of Network Layer 3 Duties of Network Layer Internetworking Logically connecting heterogeneous networks to look like single network to upper transport and application layers. Addressing Each device (a computer or a router) over the Internet must have unique and universally accepted address. Routing Packet can not choose its route to the destination. The routers connecting LANs and WANs make this decision. Packetizing The network layer encapsulates datagram/segments received from upper layers and makes packets out of them. Fragmenting Each router de-capsulates the IP datagram from the received frame, process it and encapsulates it into another frame. 4

3 14.1 IPv4 ADDRESSES An IPv4 address is a 32-bit address that uniquely and universally defines the connection of a device (for example, a computer or a router) to the Internet. Topics discussed in this section: Address Space Notations Classful Addressing Classless Addressing Network Address Translation (NAT) 5 Note An IPv4 address is 32 bits long. Note The address space of IPv4 is 2 32 or 4,294,967,296. 6

4 Note The IPv4 addresses are unique and universal. 7 Dotted-decimal notation and binary notation for an IPv4 address Binary Notation Dotted-Decimal Notation Identifier used in network layer to identify each device connected to the Internet 32-bit binary address that uniquely and universally defines the connection of a host or a router to the Internet. In Internet, no two devices can have the same IP For readability, we divide the IP address into 4 bytes. Dotted-decimal notation: Each byte is separated by dots. 8

5 Example Change the following IPv4 addresses from binary notation to dotted-decimal notation. Solution We replace each group of 8 bits with its equivalent decimal number (see Appendix B) and add dots for separation. 9 Example Change the following IPv4 addresses from dotted-decimal notation to binary notation. Solution We replace each decimal number with its binary equivalent 10

6 Example Find the error, if any, in the following IPv4 addresses. Solution a. There must be no leading zero (045). b. There can be no more than four numbers. c. Each number needs to be less than or equal to 255. d. A mixture of binary notation and dotted-decimal notation is not allowed. 11 Note In classful addressing, the address space is divided into five classes: A, B, C, D, and E. 12

7 Classful addressing The address space is divided into five classes: A, B, C, D and E 13 Example Find the class of each address. a b c d Solution a. The first bit is 0. This is a class A address. b. The first 2 bits are 1; the third bit is 0. This is a class C address. c. The first byte is 14; the class is A. d. The first byte is 252; the class is E. 14

8 Number of blocks and block size in classful IPv4 addressing 15 Note In classful addressing, a large part of the available addresses were wasted. 16

9 Default masks for classful addressing 17 Note Classful addressing, which is almost obsolete, is replaced with classless addressing. 18

10 Example The figure below shows a block of addresses, in both binary and dotteddecimal notation, granted to a small business that needs 16 addresses. We can see that the restrictions are applied to this block. The addresses are contiguous. The number of addresses is a power of 2 (16 = 2 4 ), and the first address is divisible by 16. The first address, when converted to a decimal number, is 3,440,387,360, which when divided by 16 results in 215,024, Note In IPv4 addressing, a block of addresses can be defined as x.y.z.t /n in which x.y.z.t defines one of the addresses and the /n defines the mask. 20

11 Note The first address in the block can be found by setting the rightmost 32 n bits to 0s. 21 Example A block of addresses is granted to a small organization. We know that one of the addresses is /28. What is the first address in the block? Solution The binary representation of the given address is If we set rightmost bits to 0, we get or This is actually the block shown in figure below. 22

12 Note The last address in the block can be found by setting the rightmost 32 n bits to 1s. 23 Example Find the last address for the block in previous example. Solution The binary representation of the given address is If we set rightmost bits to 1, we get or This is actually the block shown in figure below. 24

13 Note The number of addresses in the block can be found by using the formula 2 32 n. 25 Example Find the number of addresses in previous example. Solution The value of n is 28, which means that number of addresses is or

14 Example Another way to find the first address, the last address, and the number of addresses is to represent the mask as a 32-bit binary (or 8-digit hexadecimal) number. This is particularly useful when we are writing a program to find these pieces of information. In Example 19.5 the /28 can be represented as (twenty-eight 1s and four 0s). Find: a. The first address b. The last address c. The number of addresses. 27 Example (continued) Solution a. The first address can be found by ANDing the given addresses with the mask. ANDing here is done bit by bit. The result of ANDing 2 bits is 1 if both bits are 1s; the result is 0 otherwise. 28

15 Example 19.9 (continued) b. The last address can be found by ORing the given addresses with the complement of the mask. ORing here is done bit by bit. The result of ORing 2 bits is 0 if both bits are 0s; the result is 1 otherwise. The complement of a number is found by changing each 1 to 0 and each 0 to 1. c. The number of addresses can be found by complementing the mask, interpreting it as a decimal number, and adding 1 to it. 29 A network configuration for the block /28 30

16 Network address Network address is an address that defines the network itself; it cannot be assigned to a host. All hostid bytes are 0s Defines the network to the rest of the Internet. First address in the block Given the network address, we can find the class of the address. Note The first address in a block is normally not assigned to any device; it is used as the network address that represents the organization to the rest of the world. 31 Levels of hierarchy Levels of Hierarchy To reach a host on the Internet, we must first reach the network by using the first portion of the address (netid) Then we must reach the host itself by using the second portion (hostid) IP addresses are designed with two levels of hierarchy. 32

17 Note Each address in the block can be considered as a two-level hierarchical structure: the leftmost n bits (prefix) define the network; the rightmost 32 n bits define the host. 33 Netid, Hostid Netid: Network address. Hostid: Node address 34

18 Hierarchy in telephone numbers 35 Three-level hierarchy in an IPv4 address Adding subnetworks creates an intermediate level of hierarchy in the IP addressing system. Now we have three levels: site, subnet, and host. The site is the first level. The second level is the subnet. The host is the third level. 36

19 Subnetting Sub-netting We can divide a network into sub-networks while making the world knows only the main network. In sub-netting, a network is divided into several smaller groups with each sub-network (or subnet) having its own sub-network address. 37 Example An ISP is granted a block of addresses starting with /16 (65,536 addresses). The ISP needs to distribute these addresses to three groups of customers as follows: a. The first group has 64 customers; each needs 256 addresses. b. The second group has 128 customers; each needs 128 addresses. c. The third group has 128 customers; each needs 64 addresses. Design the subblocks and find out how many addresses are still available after these allocations. 38

20 Example (continued) Solution Figure in slide 42 shows the situation. Group 1 For this group, each customer needs 256 addresses. This means that 8 (log2 256) bits are needed to define each host. The prefix length is then 32 8 = 24. The addresses are: 39 Example (continued) Group 2 For this group, each customer needs 128 addresses. This means that 7 (log2 128) bits are needed to define each host. The prefix length is then 32 7 = 25. The addresses are 40

21 Example (continued) Group 3 For this group, each customer needs 64 addresses. This means that 6 (log 2 64) bits are needed to each host. The prefix length is then 32 6 = 26. The addresses are: Number of granted addresses to the ISP: 65,536 Number of allocated addresses by the ISP: 40,960 Number of available addresses: 24, An example of address allocation and distribution by an ISP 42

22 Mask A router routes the packet based on network address and subnetwork address. A router inside a network routes based on subnetwork address but a router outside a network routes based on network address. Router uses the 32-bit mask to identify the network address. Routers outside an organization use a default mask; the routers inside an organization use a subnet mask Default mask 32-bit binary number that gives the network address when ANDed with an address in the block. 43 Default masks Class In Binary In Dotted-Decimal Using Slash A /8 B /16 C /24 Netid is retained and hostid sets to 0s. 44

23 Example A router outside the organization receives a packet with destination address Show how it finds the network address to route the packet. Solution: The router follows three steps: 1. The router looks at the first byte of the address to find the class. It is class B. 2. The default mask for class B is The router ANDs this mask with the address to get The router looks in its routing table to find out how to route the packet to this destination. Later, we will see what happens if this destination does not exist. 45 Subnet mask Number of 1s in a subnet mask is more than the number of 1s in the corresponding default mask. In a subnet mask, we change some of the leftmost 0s in the default mask to make a subnet mask. 46

24 Example A router inside the organization receives the same packet with destination address Show how it finds the subnetwork address to route the packet. Solution: The router follows three steps: 1. The router must know the mask. We assume it is /19, as shown in Figure The router applies the mask to the address, The subnet address is The router looks in its routing table to find how to route the packet to this destination. Later, we will see what happens if this destination does not exist. 47 Supernetting Although class A and B addresses are almost depleted, class C addresses are still available. In supernetting, an organization can combine several class C blocks to create a larger range of addresses. Several networks are combined to create a supernetwork. 48

25 Classless Addressing A range of addresses meant a block of addresses in class A, B, or C. What about a small business that needed only 16 addresses? Or a household that needed only two addresses? ISPs provide IP; people connect via dial-up modem, DSL, or cable modem to the ISP. Variable-length blocks: No class boundaries. Mask: Provide a block, it is given the first address and mask. Subnetting Classless InterDomain Routing (CIDR) 49 Dynamic Address Configuration Each computer has IP address, subnet mask, IP address of a router, IP address of a name server; This information is usually stored in a configuration file and accessed by the computer during the bootstrap (boot) process. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a protocol designed to provide the information dynamically (based on demand). DHCP is a client-server program. When a DHCP client requests a temporary IP address, the DHCP server goes to the pool of available (unused) IP addresses and assigns an IP address for a negotiable period of time. When a DHCP client sends a request to a DHCP server, the server first checks its static database. If an entry with the requested physical address exists in the static database, the permanent IP address of the client is returned. On the other hand, if the entry does not exist in the static database, the server selects an IP address from the available pool, assigns the address to the client, and adds the entry to the dynamic database. 50

26 Addresses for private networks 51 A Network Address Translation (NAT) implementation NAT enables a user to have a large set of addresses internally and one address, or a small set of addresses, externally. The traffic inside can use the large set; the traffic outside, the small set. 52

27 Address Translation All the outgoing packets go through the NAT router, which replaces the source address in the packet with the global NAT address. All incoming packets also pass through the NAT router, which replaces the destination address in the packet (the NAT router global address) with the appropriate private address. 53 NAT address translation Using one IP address: private address to external address mapping. Limitation is that only the private network can initiate a connection and not vice-versa. Only one request at a time. 54

28 Five-column translation table Using a pool of IP addresses More than one global address is there and we map to one of them. Limited by the number of global IP. Using both IP and port numbers Mapping with IPs and Port numbers. 55 An ISP and NAT 56

29 14.2 IPv6 ADDRESSES Despite all short-term term solutions, address depletion is still a long-term problem for the Internet. This and other problems in the IP protocol itself have been the motivation for IPv6. Topics discussed in this section: Structure Address Space 57 Note An IPv6 address is 128 bits long. 58

30 IPv6 address in binary and hexadecimal colon notation 59 Abbreviated IPv6 addresses 60

31 Example Expand the address 0:15::1:12:1213 to its original. Solution We first need to align the left side of the double colon to the left of the original pattern and the right side of the double colon to the right of the original pattern to find how many 0s we need to replace the double colon. This means that the original address is. 61 Type prefixes for IPv6 addresses 62

32 Type prefixes for IPv6 addresses (continued) 63 Prefixes for provider-based unicast address 64

33 Multicast address in IPv6 65 Reserved addresses in IPv6 66

34 Local addresses in IPv SUMMARY (part 14) There are two popular approaches to packet switching: the datagram approach and the virtual circuit approach. In the datagram approach, each packet is treated independently of all other packets. At the network layer, a global addressing system that uniquely identifies every host and router is necessary for delivery of a packet from network to network. The Internet address (or IP address) is 32 bits (for IPv4) that uniquely and universally defines a host or router on the internet. The portion of the IP address that identifies the network is called the netid. The portion of the IP address that identifies the host or router on the network is called the hostid. There are five classes of IP addresses. Classes A, B, and C differ in the number of hosts allowed per network. Class D is for multicasting, and class E is reserved. The class of a network is easily determined by examination of the first byte. Unicast communication is one source sending a packet to one destination. Multicast communication is one source sending a packet to multiple destinations. Subetting divides one large network into several smaller ones. Subnetting adds an intermediate level of hierarchy in IP addressing. Default masking is a process that extracts the network address from an IP address. Subnet masking is a process that extracts the subnetwork address from an IP address Supernetting combines several networks into one large one. 68

35 14.3 SUMMARY continued (part 14) In classless addressing, there are variable-length blocks that belong to no class. The entire address space is divided into blocks based on organization needs. The first address and the mask in classless addressing can define the whole block. A mask can be expressed in slash notation which is a slash followed by the number of 1s in the mask. Every computer attached to the Internet must know its IP address, the IP address of a router, the IP address of a name server, and its subnet mask (if it is part of a subnet). DHCP is a dynamic configuration protocol with two databases. The DHCP server issues a lease for an IP address to a client for a specific period of time. Network address translation (NAT) allows a private network to use a set of private addresses for internal communication and a set of global Internet addresses for external communication. NAT uses translation tables to route messages. The IP protocol is a connectionless protocol. Every packet is independent and has no relationship to any other packet. Every host or router has a routing table to route IP packets. In next-hop routing, instead of a complete list of the stops the packet must make, only the address of the next hop is listed in the routing table. In network-specific routing, all hosts on a network share one entry in the routing table. In host-specific routing, the full IP address of a host is given in the routing table. In default routing, a router is assigned to receive all packets with no match in the routing table. A static routing table's entries are updated manually by an administrator. Classless addressing requires hierarchial and geographic routing to prevent immense routing tables. 69 References B.A. Forouzan, Data Communications and Networking, 4th edition, McGraw-Hill, 2007 W. Stalling, Local and Metropolitan Area Networks, 6 th edition, Prentice Hall, 2000 W. Stallings, Data and Computer Communications, 7 th edition, Prentice Hall, 2004 F. Halsall, Data Communications, Computer Networks and Open Systems, 4 th edition, Addison Wesley,

NETWORK LAYER: IP Addressing

NETWORK LAYER: IP Addressing NETWORK LAYER: IP Addressing McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 2000 Position of network layer McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Network layer duties McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill

More information

Internet Fundamentals

Internet Fundamentals Internet Fundamentals Lecture-10 IPv4 19.2 19-1 IPv4 ADDRESSES An IPv4 address is a 32-bit address that uniquely and universally defines the connection of a device (for example, a computer or a router)

More information

Chapter 19 Network Layer: Logical Addressing 19.1

Chapter 19 Network Layer: Logical Addressing 19.1 Chapter 19 Network Layer: Logical Addressing 19.1 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 19-1 IPv4 ADDRESSES An IPv4 address is a 32-bit address that

More information

Computer Networks Lecture -5- IPv4 Addresses. Dr. Abbas Abdulazeez

Computer Networks Lecture -5- IPv4 Addresses. Dr. Abbas Abdulazeez Computer Networks Lecture -5- IPv4 Addresses Dr. Abbas Abdulazeez McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 OBJECTIVES: To introduce the concept of an address space in general and the address space

More information

Communication at the network layer is host-to-host Length of address. Total number of addresses used by the protocol. IPv4 & IPv6

Communication at the network layer is host-to-host Length of address. Total number of addresses used by the protocol. IPv4 & IPv6 Communication at the network layer is host-to-host Length of address Space adresses (2 length ) Total number of addresses used by the protocol IPv4 & IPv6 IPv4 ADDRESSES Defines the connection of a device

More information

IP Addresses McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

IP Addresses McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 IP Addresses The IP addresses are unique. An IPv4 address is a 32-bit address. An IPv6 address is a 128-bit address. The address space of IPv4 is 2 32 or 4,294,967,296. The address space of IPv6 is 2 128

More information

Chapter 19 Network Layer: Logical Addressing 19.1

Chapter 19 Network Layer: Logical Addressing 19.1 Chapter 19 Network Layer: Logical Addressing 19.1 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 19.2 IPv4 IPv4 addresses are 32 bit length. IPv4 addresses are

More information

Figure 11 Two-level addressing in classful addressing

Figure 11 Two-level addressing in classful addressing Two-Level Addressing The whole purpose of IPv4 addressing is to define a destination for an Internet packet (at the network layer). When classful addressing was designed, it was assumed that the whole

More information

McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 !! McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 "#$% & '$# )1 ) ) )6 ) )* )- ). )0 )1! )11 )1 )1 )16 )1 3'' 4", ( ( $ ( $ $$+, $$, /+ & 23,4 )/+ &4 $ 53" Network Layer Position of network layer Figure

More information

Chapter 19 Network Layer: Logical Addressing

Chapter 19 Network Layer: Logical Addressing Chapter 19 Network Layer: Logical Addressing 19.1 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 19.2 19-1 IPv4 ADDRESSES An IPv4 address is a 32-bit address

More information

Data Communication & Computer Networks Week # 13

Data Communication & Computer Networks Week # 13 Data Communication & Computer Networks Week # 13 M.Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Department The University of Lahore Email: nadeem.akhtar@cs.uol.edu.pk URL-https://sites.google.com/site/nadeemuolcsccn/home Powerpoint

More information

Chapter 5. Subnetting/Supernetting and Classless Addressing

Chapter 5. Subnetting/Supernetting and Classless Addressing Chapter 5 Subnetting/Supernetting and Classless Addressing Outline Subnetting Supernernetting Classless addressing 5.1 SUBNETTING Subnetting IP addresses are designed with two level of hierarchy Two levels

More information

Subnetting/Supernetting and Classless Addressing

Subnetting/Supernetting and Classless Addressing Subnetting/Supernetting and Classless Addressing CONTENTS SUBNETTING SUPERNETTING CLASSLESS ADDRSSING 5.1 SUBNETTING IP addresses are designed with two levels of hierarchy. Figure 5-1 A network with two

More information

Network Layer: Logical Addressing

Network Layer: Logical Addressing 550 CHAPTER 19 NETWORK layer: LOGICAL ADDRESSING Network Layer: Logical Addressing As we discussed iu Chapter 2, communication at the network layer is host-to-host (computer-to-computer); a computer somewhere

More information

Network Layer: Logical Addressing

Network Layer: Logical Addressing Network Layer: Logical Addressing Introduction The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual packets from source to the destination host Logical Addressing A universal addressing system

More information

Objectives. Note: An IP address is a 32-bit address. The IP addresses are unique. The address space of IPv4 is 2 32 or 4,294,967,296.

Objectives. Note: An IP address is a 32-bit address. The IP addresses are unique. The address space of IPv4 is 2 32 or 4,294,967,296. Chapter 4 Objectives Upon completion you will be able to: Understand IPv4 addresses and classes Identify the class of an IP address Find the network address given an IP address Understand masks and how

More information

Network Layer: Logical Addressing

Network Layer: Logical Addressing CHAPTER 19 Network Layer: Logical Addressing Solutions to Review Questions and Exercises Review Questions 1. An IPv4 address is 32 bits long. An IPv6 address is 128 bits long. 2. IPv4 addresses are usually

More information

Network Layer: Logical Addressing

Network Layer: Logical Addressing CHAPTER 9 Network Layer: Logical Addressing As we discussed in Chapter 2, communication at the network layer is (computer-to-computer); a computer somewhere in the world needs to communicate with another

More information

5.7 K E Y TE R M S 5.8 SUM M A R Y

5.7 K E Y TE R M S 5.8 SUM M A R Y C H A P T E R 5 I P V 4 A D D RE SSE S 153 5.7 K E Y TE R M S address aggregation address space binary notation block of addresses class A address class B address class C address class D address class

More information

The identifier used in the IP layer of the TCP/IP protocol suite to identify each device connected to the Internet is called the Internet address or

The identifier used in the IP layer of the TCP/IP protocol suite to identify each device connected to the Internet is called the Internet address or CBCN4103 The identifier used in the IP layer of the TCP/IP protocol suite to identify each device connected to the Internet is called the Internet address or IP address. An IP address is a 32-bit address

More information

EITF25 Internet Techniques and Applications L7: Internet. Stefan Höst

EITF25 Internet Techniques and Applications L7: Internet. Stefan Höst EITF25 Internet Techniques and Applications L7: Internet Stefan Höst What is Internet? Internet consists of a number of networks that exchange data according to traffic agreements. All networks in Internet

More information

CS 5520/ECE 5590NA: Network Architecture I Spring Lecture 10: IP Routing and Addressing Extensions

CS 5520/ECE 5590NA: Network Architecture I Spring Lecture 10: IP Routing and Addressing Extensions CS 5520/ECE 5590NA: Network Architecture I Spring 2009 Lecture 10: IP Routing and Addressing Extensions This lecture provides discussion of the mechanisms used to route IP datagrams (Chapter 7). It also

More information

LOGICAL ADDRESSING. Faisal Karim Shaikh.

LOGICAL ADDRESSING. Faisal Karim Shaikh. LOGICAL ADDRESSING Faisal Karim Shaikh faisal.shaikh@faculty.muet.edu.pk DEWSNet Group Dependable Embedded Wired/Wireless Networks www.fkshaikh.com/dewsnet IPv4 ADDRESSES An IPv4 address is a 32-bit address

More information

06/02/ Local & Metropolitan Area Networks 0. INTRODUCTION. 1. History and Future of TCP/IP ACOE322

06/02/ Local & Metropolitan Area Networks 0. INTRODUCTION. 1. History and Future of TCP/IP ACOE322 1 Local & Metropolitan Area Networks ACOE322 Lecture 5 TCP/IP Protocol suite and IP addressing 1 0. INTRODUCTION We shall cover in this topic: 1. The relation of TCP/IP with internet and OSI model 2. Internet

More information

TSIN02 - Internetworking

TSIN02 - Internetworking Lecture 2: The Internet Protocol Literature: Forouzan: ch 4-9 and ch 27 2004 Image Coding Group, Linköpings Universitet Outline About the network layer Tasks Addressing Routing Protocols 2 Tasks of the

More information

Subnetting and Classless Addressing

Subnetting and Classless Addressing Subnetting and Classless Addressing CONTENTS SUBNETTING CLASSLESS ADDRSSING 1 5.1 SUBNETTING IP addresses are designed with two levels of hierarchy. 2 Figure 5-1 A network with two levels of hierarchy

More information

Network Layer/IP Protocols

Network Layer/IP Protocols Network Layer/IP Protocols 1 Outline IP Datagram (IPv4) NAT Connection less and connection oriented service 2 IPv4 packet header 3 IPv4 Datagram Header Format version of the IP protocol (4 BIts) IP header

More information

Chapter 18. Introduction to Network Layer

Chapter 18. Introduction to Network Layer Chapter 18. Introduction to Network Layer 18.1 Network Layer Services 18.2 Packet Switching 18.3 Network Layer Performance 18.4 IPv4 Addresses 18.5 Forwarding of IP Packets Computer Networks 18-1 Communication

More information

Network Layer: outline

Network Layer: outline Network Layer: outline 1 introduction 2 virtual circuit and datagram networks 3 what s inside a router 4 IP: Internet Protocol datagram format IPv4 addressing ICMP IPv6 5 routing algorithms link state

More information

Chapter 18 and 22. IPv4 Address. Data Communications and Networking

Chapter 18 and 22. IPv4 Address. Data Communications and Networking University of Human Development College of Science and Technology Department of Information Technology Chapter 18 and 22 Data Communications and Networking IPv4 Address 1 Lecture Outline IPv4 Addressing

More information

Subnetting/Supernetting and Classless Addressing

Subnetting/Supernetting and Classless Addressing Subnetting/Supernetting and Classless Addressing CONTENTS SUBNETTING SUPERNETTING CLASSLESS ADDRSSING SUBNETTING IP addresses are designed with two levels of hierarchy. Figure 5-1 A network with two levels

More information

Chapter 06 IP Address

Chapter 06 IP Address Chapter 06 IP Address IP Address Internet address Identifier used at IP layer 32 bit binary address The address space of IPv4 is 2 32 or 4,294,967,296 Consists of netid and hosted IP Address Structure

More information

IP Addressing and Subnetting

IP Addressing and Subnetting IP Addressing and Subnetting Internet Layer The purpose of the Internet layer is to send packets from a network node and have them arrive at the destination node independent of the path taken. Internet

More information

Lecture 8. Basic Internetworking (IP) Outline. Basic Internetworking (IP) Basic Internetworking (IP) Service Model

Lecture 8. Basic Internetworking (IP) Outline. Basic Internetworking (IP) Basic Internetworking (IP) Service Model Lecture 8 Basic Internetworking (IP) Reminder: Homework 3, Programming Project 2 due on Tuesday. An example internet is shown at right. Routers or gateways are used to connect different physical networks.

More information

RMIT University. Data Communication and Net-Centric Computing COSC 1111/2061. Lecture 2. Internetworking IPv4, IPv6

RMIT University. Data Communication and Net-Centric Computing COSC 1111/2061. Lecture 2. Internetworking IPv4, IPv6 RMIT University Data Communication and Net-Centric Computing COSC 1111/2061 Internetworking IPv4, IPv6 Technology Slide 1 Lecture Overview During this lecture, we will understand The principles of Internetworking

More information

Lecture 8. Reminder: Homework 3, Programming Project 2 due on Thursday. Questions? Tuesday, September 20 CS 475 Networks - Lecture 8 1

Lecture 8. Reminder: Homework 3, Programming Project 2 due on Thursday. Questions? Tuesday, September 20 CS 475 Networks - Lecture 8 1 Lecture 8 Reminder: Homework 3, Programming Project 2 due on Thursday. Questions? Tuesday, September 20 CS 475 Networks - Lecture 8 1 Outline Chapter 3 - Internetworking 3.1 Switching and Bridging 3.2

More information

CC231 Introduction to Networks Dr. Ayman A. Abdel-Hamid. Internet Protocol Suite

CC231 Introduction to Networks Dr. Ayman A. Abdel-Hamid. Internet Protocol Suite CC231 Introduction to Networks Dr. Ayman A. Abdel-Hamid College of Computing and Information Technology Arab bacademy for Science &T Technology and Maritime Transport Internet Protocol Suite IP Suite Dr.

More information

Subnetting And Supernetting

Subnetting And Supernetting Chapter 5 Subnetting And Supernetting Hyung Min Lee Subnetting and Supernetting About subnetting & Supernetting In subnetting, a network is divided into several smaller subnetwork with each subnetwork(or

More information

Integrated Services. Integrated Services. RSVP Resource reservation Protocol. Expedited Forwarding. Assured Forwarding.

Integrated Services. Integrated Services. RSVP Resource reservation Protocol. Expedited Forwarding. Assured Forwarding. Integrated Services An architecture for streaming multimedia Aimed at both unicast and multicast applications An example of unicast: a single user streaming a video clip from a news site An example of

More information

CS 520: Network Architecture I Winter Lecture 11: IP Address Conservation

CS 520: Network Architecture I Winter Lecture 11: IP Address Conservation CS 520: Network Architecture I Winter 2006 Lecture 11: IP Address Conservation This lecture provides discussion of several approaches that are used to make better use of the IP address space. Subnetting

More information

Computer Networks and Data Systems

Computer Networks and Data Systems Computer Networks and Data Systems Network Addressing TDC463 Fall 2017 John Kristoff - DePaul University 1 Why have addresses at layer 3? Aren't there already globally unique addresses at L2? If not, should

More information

Internet Addresses (You should read Chapter 4 in Forouzan)

Internet Addresses (You should read Chapter 4 in Forouzan) Internet Addresses (You should read Chapter 4 in Forouzan) IP Address is 32 Bits Long Conceptually the address is the pair (NETID, HOSTID) Addresses are assigned by the internet company for assignment

More information

LECTURE -4 IP ADDRESSES. IP Addresses: Classful Addressing

LECTURE -4 IP ADDRESSES. IP Addresses: Classful Addressing LECTURE -4 IP ADDRESSES IP Addresses: Classful Addressing 1 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION CLASSFUL ADDRESSING Different Network Classes Subnetting Classless Addressing 2 INTRODUCTION 3 WHAT IS AN IP ADDRESS A

More information

Unit C - Network Addressing Objectives Purpose of an IP Address and Subnet Mask Purpose of an IP Address and Subnet Mask

Unit C - Network Addressing Objectives Purpose of an IP Address and Subnet Mask Purpose of an IP Address and Subnet Mask 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Unit C - Network Addressing Objectives Describe the purpose of an IP address and Subnet Mask and how they are used on the Internet. Describe the types of IP Addresses available. Describe

More information

EEC-684/584 Computer Networks

EEC-684/584 Computer Networks EEC-684/584 Computer Networks Lecture 14 wenbing@ieee.org (Lecture nodes are based on materials supplied by Dr. Louise Moser at UCSB and Prentice-Hall) Outline 2 Review of last lecture Internetworking

More information

TDC 563 Protocols and Techniques for Data Networks

TDC 563 Protocols and Techniques for Data Networks TDC 563 Protocols and Techniques for Data Networks Network Addressing TDC563 Autumn 2015/16 John Kristoff - DePaul University 1 Why have addresses at layer 3? Aren't there already globally unique addresses

More information

OSI Data Link & Network Layer

OSI Data Link & Network Layer OSI Data Link & Network Layer Erkki Kukk 1 Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model Compare OSI and TCP/IP model 2 Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model Explain protocol data units (PDU) and encapsulation 3 Addressing

More information

CCNA Exploration Network Fundamentals. Chapter 06 Addressing the Network IPv4

CCNA Exploration Network Fundamentals. Chapter 06 Addressing the Network IPv4 CCNA Exploration Network Fundamentals Chapter 06 Addressing the Network IPv4 Updated: 20/05/2008 1 6.0.1 Introduction Addressing is a key function of Network layer protocols that enables data communication

More information

Chapter 8: Subnetting IP Networks

Chapter 8: Subnetting IP Networks Chapter 8: Subnetting IP Networks Designing, implementing and managing an effective IP addressing plan ensures that networks can operate effectively and efficiently. This is especially true as the number

More information

IP Addresses. IP Addresses

IP Addresses. IP Addresses IP Addresses Introductory material. IP Addressing Structure of an IP address Classful IP addresses Limitations and problems with classful IP addresses ting CIDR IP Version 6 addresses An entire module

More information

OSI Data Link & Network Layer

OSI Data Link & Network Layer OSI Data Link & Network Layer Erkki Kukk 1 Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model Compare OSI and TCP/IP model 2 Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model Explain protocol data units (PDU) and encapsulation 3 Addressing

More information

OSI Data Link & Network Layer

OSI Data Link & Network Layer OSI Data Link & Network Layer Erkki Kukk 1 Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model Compare OSI and TCP/IP model 2 Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model Explain protocol data units (PDU) and encapsulation 3 Addressing

More information

Linux System Administration

Linux System Administration IP Addressing Subnetting Objective At the conclusion of this module, the student will be able to: Describe how packets are routed from one network to another Describe the parts and classes of IPv4 address

More information

Computer Networks and Data Systems

Computer Networks and Data Systems Computer Networks and Data Systems Internet Protocol (IP) Addressing TDC463 Winter 2011/12 John Kristoff - DePaul University 1 Why have addresses at layer 3? Aren't there already globally unique addresses

More information

CS475 Networks Lecture 8 Chapter 3 Internetworking. Ethernet or Wi-Fi).

CS475 Networks Lecture 8 Chapter 3 Internetworking. Ethernet or Wi-Fi). Assignments Reading for Lecture 9: Section 3.3 3.2 Basic Internetworking (IP) Bridges and LAN switches from last section have limited ability CS475 Networks Lecture 8 Chapter 3 Internetworking is a logical

More information

IP Addressing - Subnetting

IP Addressing - Subnetting IP Addressing - Subnetting The Two Parts of an IP Address 32 Bits Prefix Host Prefix Length IP Address Classes Classes are now considered obsolete But you have to learn them because Everyone in the industry

More information

IP Address Assignment

IP Address Assignment IP Address Assignment An IP address does not identify a specific computer. Instead, each IP address identifies a connection between a computer and a network. A computer with multiple network connections

More information

CSCD 330 Network Programming Spring 2018

CSCD 330 Network Programming Spring 2018 CSCD 330 Network Programming Spring 2018 Lecture 14 Network Layer IP Addressing Reading: Chapter 4 Some slides provided courtesy of J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved, copyright 2017 Network

More information

Chapter Motivation For Internetworking

Chapter Motivation For Internetworking Chapter 17-20 Internetworking Part 1 (Concept, IP Addressing, IP Routing, IP Datagrams, Address Resolution 1 Motivation For Internetworking LANs Low cost Limited distance WANs High cost Unlimited distance

More information

TSIN02 - Internetworking

TSIN02 - Internetworking Lecture 2: Internet Protocol Literature: Forouzan: ch (4-6), 7-9 and ch 31 2004 Image Coding Group, Linköpings Universitet Lecture 2: IP Goals: Understand the benefits Understand the architecture IPv4

More information

IP - The Internet Protocol

IP - The Internet Protocol IP - The Internet Protocol 1 Orientation IP s current version is Version 4 (IPv4). It is specified in RFC 891. TCP UDP Transport Layer ICMP IP IGMP Network Layer ARP Network Access Link Layer Media 2 IP:

More information

Department of Computer and IT Engineering University of Kurdistan. Network Layer. By: Dr. Alireza Abdollahpouri

Department of Computer and IT Engineering University of Kurdistan. Network Layer. By: Dr. Alireza Abdollahpouri Department of Computer and IT Engineering University of Kurdistan Network Layer By: Dr. Alireza Abdollahpouri What s the Internet: nuts and bolts view PC server wireless laptop cellular handheld millions

More information

CSCD 330 Network Programming Spring 2017

CSCD 330 Network Programming Spring 2017 CSCD 330 Network Programming Spring 2017 Lecture 14 Network Layer IP Addressing Reading: Chapter 4 Some slides provided courtesy of J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved, copyright 1996-2007 1

More information

EEC-484/584 Computer Networks

EEC-484/584 Computer Networks EEC-484/584 Computer Networks Lecture 13 wenbing@ieee.org (Lecture nodes are based on materials supplied by Dr. Louise Moser at UCSB and Prentice-Hall) Outline 2 Review of lecture 12 Routing Congestion

More information

Chapter 9: Subnetting IP Networks

Chapter 9: Subnetting IP Networks Chapter 9: Subnetting IP Networks Network Segmentation Reasons for Subnetting Subnetting is the process of segmenting a network into multiple smaller network spaces called subnetworks or subnets. The purpose

More information

VLSM and CIDR. Routing Protocols and Concepts Chapter 6. Version Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 1

VLSM and CIDR. Routing Protocols and Concepts Chapter 6. Version Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 1 VLSM and CIDR Routing Protocols and Concepts Chapter 6 Version 4.0 1 Objectives Compare and contrast classful and classless IP addressing. Review VLSM and explain the benefits of classless IP addressing.

More information

Network+ Guide to Networks

Network+ Guide to Networks Yarmouk University Providing Fundamental ICT Skills for Syrian Refugees (PFISR) Network+ Guide to Networks Dr. Mohammad A. Al-Jarrah jarrah@yu.edu.jo In-Depth TCP/IP Networking Understand methods of network

More information

Chapter 8: Subnetting IP Networks CCENT Routing and Switching Introduction to Networks v6.0

Chapter 8: Subnetting IP Networks CCENT Routing and Switching Introduction to Networks v6.0 Chapter 8: Subnetting IP Networks CCENT Routing and Switching Introduction to Networks v6.0 CCNET v6 13 Chapter 8 - Sections & Objectives 8.1 Subnetting an IPv4 Network Explain how subnetting segments

More information

IPv4 addressing, NAT. Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach 6 th edition Jim Kurose, Keith Ross Addison-Wesley.

IPv4 addressing, NAT. Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach 6 th edition Jim Kurose, Keith Ross Addison-Wesley. IPv4 addressing, NAT http://xkcd.com/195/ Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach 6 th edition Jim Kurose, Keith Ross Addison-Wesley Some materials copyright 1996-2012 J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights

More information

Lab 8 (IP Addressing)

Lab 8 (IP Addressing) Islamic University of Gaza Faculty of engineering Computer Department. Computer Network Lab ECOM 4121 Prepared by : Eng. Eman Al- Kurdi Lab 8 (IP Addressing) Introduction: Each device on a network must

More information

TCP/IP. Model and Layers Bits and Number Bases IPv4 Addressing Subnetting Classless Interdomain Routing IPv6

TCP/IP. Model and Layers Bits and Number Bases IPv4 Addressing Subnetting Classless Interdomain Routing IPv6 TCP/IP Model and Layers Bits and Number Bases IPv4 Addressing Subnetting Classless Interdomain Routing IPv6 At the beginning of the course, we discussed two primary conceptual models of networking: OSI

More information

Basics of communication. Grundlagen der Rechnernetze Introduction 31

Basics of communication. Grundlagen der Rechnernetze Introduction 31 Basics of communication Grundlagen der Rechnernetze Introduction 31 Types of communication H9 H8 H1 H7 R1 N3 H2 N1 R3 H3 R2 N2 H6 H5 H4 Unicast communication where a piece of information is sent from one

More information

Top-Down Network Design

Top-Down Network Design Top-Down Network Design Chapter Six Designing Models for Addressing and Naming Copyright 2010 Cisco Press & Priscilla Oppenheimer Guidelines for Addressing and Naming Use a structured model for addressing

More information

COSC 6377 Mid-Term #2 Fall 2000

COSC 6377 Mid-Term #2 Fall 2000 Name: SSN: Signature: Open book, open notes. Your work must be your own. Assigned seating. Test time: 7:05pm to 8:05pm. You may not use a calculator or PalmPilot to calculate subnetting/host/netid information.

More information

Network+ Guide to Networks 6 th Edition. Chapter 9 In-Depth TCP/IP Networking

Network+ Guide to Networks 6 th Edition. Chapter 9 In-Depth TCP/IP Networking Network+ Guide to Networks 6 th Edition Chapter 9 In-Depth TCP/IP Networking Objectives Describe methods of network design unique to TCP/IP networks, including subnetting, CIDR, and address translation

More information

Binary Octet to Decimal Format Conversion

Binary Octet to Decimal Format Conversion IP Address An IP (Internet Protocol) address is a unique address that different computers on a computer network use to identify and communicate with one another. An IP address is used as an identifier

More information

Network+ Guide to Networks 5 th Edition. Chapter 10 In-Depth TCP/IP Networking

Network+ Guide to Networks 5 th Edition. Chapter 10 In-Depth TCP/IP Networking Network+ Guide to Networks 5 th Edition Chapter 10 In-Depth TCP/IP Networking Objectives Understand methods of network design unique to TCP/IP networks, including subnetting, CIDR, and address translation

More information

Guide to Networking Essentials, 6 th Edition. Chapter 5: Network Protocols

Guide to Networking Essentials, 6 th Edition. Chapter 5: Network Protocols Guide to Networking Essentials, 6 th Edition Chapter 5: Network Protocols Objectives Describe the purpose of a network protocol, the layers in the TCP/IP architecture, and the protocols in each TCP/IP

More information

CS 43: Computer Networks. 21: The Network Layer & IP November 7, 2018

CS 43: Computer Networks. 21: The Network Layer & IP November 7, 2018 CS 43: Computer Networks 21: The Network Layer & IP November 7, 2018 The Network Layer! Application: the application (e.g., the Web, Email) Transport: end-to-end connections, reliability Network: routing

More information

Lecture 8. Network Layer (cont d) Network Layer 1-1

Lecture 8. Network Layer (cont d) Network Layer 1-1 Lecture 8 Network Layer (cont d) Network Layer 1-1 Agenda The Network Layer (cont d) What is inside a router Internet Protocol (IP) IPv4 fragmentation and addressing IP Address Classes and Subnets Network

More information

IP Addressing Week 6. Module : Computer Networks Lecturer: Lucy White Office : 324

IP Addressing Week 6. Module : Computer Networks Lecturer: Lucy White Office : 324 IP Addressing Week 6 Module : Computer Networks Lecturer: Lucy White lbwhite@wit.ie Office : 324 1 Addressing: Network & Host Network address help to identify route through the network cloud Network address

More information

This talk will cover the basics of IP addressing and subnetting. Topics covered will include:

This talk will cover the basics of IP addressing and subnetting. Topics covered will include: This talk will cover the basics of IP addressing and subnetting. Topics covered will include: What is an IP Address? What are Classes? What is a Network Address? What are Subnet Masks and Subnet Addresses?

More information

Network Layer: Control/data plane, addressing, routers

Network Layer: Control/data plane, addressing, routers Network Layer: Control/data plane, addressing, routers CS 352, Lecture 10 http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~sn624/352-s19 Srinivas Narayana (heavily adapted from slides by Prof. Badri Nath and the textbook authors)

More information

Module 4. Planning the Addressing Structure

Module 4. Planning the Addressing Structure Module 4 Planning the Addressing Structure Name 4.1.1 1. How many bits are in an IP address? 2. What is dotted decimal notation? 3. What is the parent part of an IP address? 4. What is the child part of

More information

Computer Network Fundamentals Spring Week 4 Network Layer Andreas Terzis

Computer Network Fundamentals Spring Week 4 Network Layer Andreas Terzis Computer Network Fundamentals Spring 2008 Week 4 Network Layer Andreas Terzis Outline Internet Protocol Service Model Addressing Original addressing scheme Subnetting CIDR Fragmentation ICMP Address Shortage

More information

Network Layer PREPARED BY AHMED ABDEL-RAOUF

Network Layer PREPARED BY AHMED ABDEL-RAOUF Network Layer PREPARED BY AHMED ABDEL-RAOUF Network layer transport segment from sending to receiving host on sending side encapsulates segments into datagrams on receiving side, delivers segments to transport

More information

Chapter 5 TCP/IP SUITE

Chapter 5 TCP/IP SUITE Chapter 5 TCP/IP SUITE Objectives:- TCP/ IP Model Concept. Defining/functioning of different Layers of TCP / IP suite. 5.1 Introduction Addressing mechanism in the Internet An IP address is an address

More information

End-to-End Communication

End-to-End Communication End-to-End Communication Goal: Interconnect multiple LANs. Why? Diverse LANs speak different languages need to make them talk to each other Management flexibility global vs. local Internet Problems: How

More information

Internet Network Protocols IPv4/ IPv6

Internet Network Protocols IPv4/ IPv6 Internet Network Protocols IPv4/ IPv6 Prof. Anja Feldmann, Ph.D. anja@inet.tu-berlin.de TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1, W. Richard Stevens http://www.kohala.com/start 1 IP Interfaces IP address: identifier

More information

1/18/13. Network+ Guide to Networks 5 th Edition. Objectives. Chapter 10 In-Depth TCP/IP Networking

1/18/13. Network+ Guide to Networks 5 th Edition. Objectives. Chapter 10 In-Depth TCP/IP Networking Network+ Guide to Networks 5 th Edition Chapter 10 In-Depth TCP/IP Networking Objectives Understand methods of network design unique to TCP/IP networks, including subnetting, CIDR, and address translation

More information

Full file at

Full file at ch02 True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. 1. IP addresses have links to domain names to make it possible for users to identify and access resources on a network. 2. As a frame moves

More information

IP Addressing. Introductory material. An entire module devoted to IP addresses. Pedro Brandão (PhD) University of Évora

IP Addressing. Introductory material. An entire module devoted to IP addresses. Pedro Brandão (PhD) University of Évora IP Addressing Introductory material. An entire module devoted to IP addresses. Pedro Brandão (PhD) University of Évora IP Addresses Structure of an IP address Subnetting CIDR IP Version 6 addresses IP

More information

TCP/IP Protocol Suite and IP Addressing

TCP/IP Protocol Suite and IP Addressing TCP/IP Protocol Suite and IP Addressing CCNA 1 v3 Module 9 10/11/2005 NESCOT CATC 1 Introduction to TCP/IP U.S. DoD created the TCP/IP model. Provides reliable data transmission to any destination under

More information

FIGURE 3. Two-Level Internet Address Structure. FIGURE 4. Principle Classful IP Address Formats

FIGURE 3. Two-Level Internet Address Structure. FIGURE 4. Principle Classful IP Address Formats Classful IP Addressing When IP was first standardized in September 1981, the specification required that each system attached to an IP-based Internet be assigned a unique, 32-bit Internet address value.

More information

OSI Network Layer. Chapter 5

OSI Network Layer. Chapter 5 OSI Network Layer Network Fundamentals Chapter 5 Objectives Identify the role of the Network Layer, as it describes communication from one end device to another end device. Examine the most common Network

More information

Inter-networking. Problem. 3&4-Internetworking.key - September 20, LAN s are great but. We want to connect them together. ...

Inter-networking. Problem. 3&4-Internetworking.key - September 20, LAN s are great but. We want to connect them together. ... 1 Inter-networking COS 460 & 540 2 Problem 3 LAN s are great but We want to connect them together...across the world Inter-networking 4 Internet Protocol (IP) Routing The Internet Multicast* Multi-protocol

More information

Chapter 4 Network Layer

Chapter 4 Network Layer Sungkyunkwan University Chapter 4 Network Layer Prepared by H. Choo 2018-Fall Computer Networks Copyright 2000-2014 2000-2018 Networking Laboratory 1/52 Presentation Outline 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Network-Layer

More information

The Interconnection Structure of. The Internet. EECC694 - Shaaban

The Interconnection Structure of. The Internet. EECC694 - Shaaban The Internet Evolved from the ARPANET (the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), a project funded by The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) in 1969. ARPANET's purpose was to provide the U.S. Defense

More information

Chapter 6. Delivery and Forwarding of IP Packets

Chapter 6. Delivery and Forwarding of IP Packets Chapter 6 Delivery and Forwarding of IP Packets TCP/IP Protocol Suite 1 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. OBJECTIVES: To discuss the delivery of

More information

Router Architecture Overview

Router Architecture Overview Chapter 4: r Introduction (forwarding and routing) r Review of queueing theory r Router design and operation r IP: Internet Protocol m IPv4 (datagram format, addressing, ICMP, NAT) m Ipv6 r Generalized

More information