Chapter 18 and 22. IPv4 Address. Data Communications and Networking

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1 University of Human Development College of Science and Technology Department of Information Technology Chapter 18 and 22 Data Communications and Networking IPv4 Address 1

2 Lecture Outline IPv4 Addressing IPv4 addresses and classes IP Address assignment and depletion Network addresses and masks Network Address Translation (NAT) 2

3 MAC address vs IP address MAC addresses provide no mechanism to create boundaries between networks. There is no method to distinguish one network from another. Imagine if the entire Internet existed purely as a single Layer-2 switched network.. With billions of hosts on the Internet, the resulting broadcast storms would be devastating. Logical addressing is a function of the Network layer, and provides a hierarchical structure to separate networks. A logical address contains two components: Network ID identifies which network a host belongs to. Host ID uniquely identifies the host on that network. 3

4 Position of IP in TCP/IP protocol suite 4

5 DATAGRAMS Packets in the network (internet) layer are called datagrams. A datagram is a variable-length packet consisting of two parts: header and data. The header is 20 to 60 bytes in length and contains essential information to routing and delivery. 5

6 IPv4 Addresses IPv4 address is the logical address used in the IP layer of the Internet protocol suite to identify each device interfaced to the network v4 è version 4 of IP protocol Address often expressed in dotted decimal notation Each of the 4 values is in range 0 255, such as, Intended to uniquely and universally defines the connection of a host interface or a router interface to the Internet IP address length = 32 bits, 4 bytes long The address space of IPv4 is 2 32 or 4,294,967,296. 6

7 Internet Protocol (IP) IP provides two fundamental Network layer services: Logical addressing provides a unique address that identifies both the host, and the network that host exists on. Routing determines the best path to a particular destination network, and then routes data accordingly. IPv4 will eventually be replaced by IP Version 6 (IPv6), due to a shortage of available IPv4 addresses. 7

8 IPv4 Address Example Binary notation Dotted Decimal notation Subnet and Broadcast Addresses On each IP network, two host addresses are reserved for special use: The subnet (or network) address The broadcast address Neither of these addresses can be assigned to an actual host. 8

9 Internet Protocol (IP) An IP address is most often represented in decimal, in the following format: An IP address is comprised of four octets, separated by periods: First Octet Second Octet Third Octet Fourth Octet Each octet is an 8-bit number, resulting in a 32-bit IP address. The smallest possible value of an octet is 0, or in binary. The largest possible value of an octet is 255, or in binary. The above IP address represented in binary would look as follows: First Octet Second Octet Third Octet Fourth Octet

10 What is Subnet? A subnet is a group of devices that can all send packets to each other without going through a router. An Ethernet LAN is an example of a subnet. PCs that can send packets to each other through any combination of Ethernet hubs and switches are members of the same subnet. Every device in a subnet is allocated an IP address from a group of addresses called the IP subnet. Example: IP addresses , , might all be in the same IP subnet, written as /24. /24 means the first 24 bits of all addresses in the subnet are the same. Client Subnet Router Subnet Router... Router Subnet Server 10

11 Example Subnet? Internet PC in room 204 IP PC in room 201 IP ISP Router IP Interface S0 IP PC in room 301 IP PC in room 304 IP PC in room 208 IP Ethernet Switch Interface E0 IP MAC 00:10:22:01:02:33 Corporate Router Interface E1 IP MAC 00:10:22:01:4a:de Ethernet Switch PC in room 311 IP nd Floor Subnet /24 Default Gateway = rd Floor Subnet /24 Default Gateway = Corporate Router has 3 interfaces 2 Ethernet and 1 point-topoint. Each router interface has its own IP address Devices in each subnet keep track of the IP address of the router interface in their subnet, called the default gateway address. 11

12 Binary to Decimal Conversion For example, consider the binary number of : Decimal Binary By adding = 241. The Subnet Mask Part of an IP address identifies the network. The other part of the address identifies the host. A subnet mask is required to provide this distinction: The above IP address has a subnet mask of The subnet mask follows two rules: If a binary bit is set to a 1 (or on) in a subnet mask, the corresponding bit in the address identifies the network. If a binary bit is set to a 0 (or off) in a subnet mask, the corresponding bit in the address identifies the host. First n bits of IP address are Routing Prefix Bits routers use only these bits in forwarding decisions. 12 Last (32-n) bits of IP address are Host Bits.

13 Subnet Mask Subnet Mask IP subnets are written as: <Network Address> / <n> > This is called a Subnet ID. This refers to the full group of addresses. Example: /27 Example: Prefix length = /27 Subnet Mask (binary) = Subnet Mask (dotted decimal) = Example: /16 Looking at the above address and subnet mask in binary: IP Address: Subnet Mask: The first 16 bits of the subnet mask are set to 1. Thus, the first 16 bits of the address (158.80) identify the network. The last 16 bits of the subnet mask are set to 0. Thus, the last 16 bits of the address (164.3) identify the unique host on that network. Note: the network portion of the subnet mask must be contiguous. For 13 example, a subnet mask of is not valid.

14 Masking a Network Address The network address (aka netid) is the beginning address of each block. It can be found by applying the netmask to any of the addresses in the block It retains the netid of the block and sets the hostid to zero. 14

15 Masking a Network Address 15

16 Masking a Network Address 16

17 Classful IPv4 Address The IPv4 address space has been structured into several classes. The value of the first octet of an address determines the class of the network: 17

18 Classful IPv4 Address Sub-fields IP addresses, when started a few decades ago, used the concept of classes. This architecture is called classful addressing. Netid (aka prefix) is the network identifier Hostid (aka Suffice) is the host identifier Class A: for Large networks Class C: for Small networks Class B: for Medium networks Class D: Multicast 18

19 Classful IPv4 Addresses Ranges 19

20 Classful Addressing In classful addressing, the network address (the first address in the block) is the one that is assigned to the organization. The range of addresses can automatically be inferred from the network address. Example: Given the network address , find the class, the block, and the range of the addresses. Solution: The class is C because the first byte is between 192 and 223. The block has a netid of The addresses range from to

21 Classful Address Space Size 21

22 IP Address Exhaustion Mitigations and Solutions IPv4 address availability is close to depletion Causes of address exhaustion 1.Classful addressing that inefficiently allocates addresses due to inflexible block sizes Example: Class A network address assignment allocates to ~16M addresses to an organization! 2.Increase number of users / devices Continued growth of households mobile devices Internet of things - Cisco 22

23 IP Address Exhaustion Mitigations and Solutions Mitigation Solution #1: Classless Addressing Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) that utilizes Variable Length Blocks Mitigation Solution #2: Private IP Addressing w/nat Private IP addresses Network Address Translation (NAT) Mitigation Solution #3: Long term Solution: migration from IPv4 to IPv6 23

24 Private vs. Public IPv4 Addresses A public address can be routed on the Internet. Thus, hosts that must be Internet-accessible must be configured with (or reachable by) public addresses. Allocation of public addresses is governed by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). A private address is intended for internal use within a home or organization, and can be freely used by anyone. However, private addresses can never be routed on the Internet. In fact, Internet routers are configured to immediately drop traffic with private addresses. 24

25 Private Addresses Some IP Address networks were set aside for private use by the IANA. Private IP Networks : Class A: /8 Class B: /16 to /16 Class C: /24 to / /16 (used if no DHCP or manual assignment) These addresses can be used in private networks, but cannot be used in any IP packets on the public Internet backbone. Many businesses use private addressing inside corporate boundaries and utilize Network Address Translation (NAT) to translate these to public addresses on Internet. 25

26 Network Address Translation (NAT) Network Address Translation (NAT) allows a site to use a set of private addresses for internal communication and a set of public addresses for external communication. The site must have a router with at least one connection to the global Internet and that runs NAT software. The private IP addresses inside the stub domain are not globally unique and they could be reused in other stub domains, thus mitigating the address depletion problem. 26

27 Network Address Translation (NAT) Basic NAT operation involves IP address translation only. From the Internet perspective, the router itself appears to be the source/destination for this traffic

28 NAT Table Basic NAT Operation Private IP address conversion to globally aware public IP address maintained by NAT table 28

29 Network and Port Address Translation (NAT/PAT) Network/Port Address Translation (NAT/PAT) is used for IP address simplification, conservation and increase security by hiding the real addressing and addressing scheme of a network. The technique goal is simple: replace the IP address with another (NAT) or replace the IP address and port pair with another (PAT). Why use NAT/PAT? To hide the internal IP addressing scheme To allow a network with large number of IP to access the Internet without requiring large number of public IPs. Changing ISP requires minimum work. Drawback Maybe a problem for some applications. 29

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