How the Internet Works
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- Barrie Haynes
- 6 years ago
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1 How the Internet Works For the Ham DMR FUSION IRLP DSTAR ECHOLINK APRS WINLINK WSPR
2 Origin of the Internet Began in 1960 when AT&T figured out a way to transfer data over the telephone line Mark and Space tones over the telephone line Because of the military s concern about reliable communications during the cold war, the Defense Advanced Research Agency (DARPA) put out a Request For Proposal (RFP) in 1969 for a communications system which could survive a partial shut down because of a nuclear explosion
3 Origin of the Internet This DOD communication s system *must* be able to re-route data if some nodes were no longer in the network In the 1970 s, a network grew using Bolt Beranek and Newman s (Inc.) protocol By the end of the 70 s, this protocol was maxed out, since it could only handle 64 Information Message Processors or IMPs
4
5 *Last complete logical drawing of the internet
6 Origin of the Internet 1980, IETF RFC #760, DoD Standard Internet Protocol (IP) was released Based on lessons learned, it revised several features and addressing was now 32 BITS, first 8 is the network part of the address 1981, IETF RFC #791, IP refined, based on more lessons learned; Class A, B, and C network addresses This is the beginning of today's modern internet
7 Class A Class B Class C Total RFC820 Jan RFC870 Oct RFC900 Jun RFC923 Oct RFC943 Apr RFC960 Dec RFC990 Nov *They stopped counting and trying to keep track of network addresses after November 1986
8 Based on the 32 bit IP Address Example: IPv4 Dotted Decimal Binary Humans read in decimal Computers/routers use binary
9 LAN vs WAN LAN Local Area Network WAN Wide Area Network (connected LANs) There s a relationship in IP Addressing
10 IP Address IPv4 Dotted Decimal Binary The IP addresses had two parts the NETWORK part and the HOST part
11 IP Address IPv4 Dotted Decimal Binary In this particular example: the NETWORK part and the HOST part
12 IP Address Why a NETWORK part and a HOST part? It breaks up the worldwide internet into LANs In most cases, the NETWORK part of the address *is* the LAN address In each LAN, you can connect HOSTs Every host on the internet has a NETWORK address and a HOST address; each HOST has a unique IP address
13 LAN addresses available for x Reserved addresses: Network address: (FIRST ADDRESS) Network broadcast address: (LAST ADDRESS) There s room for 256-2=254 hosts in network through
14 Example: 5 LANs connected together NETWORK addresses to form a WAN Internet HOST addresses Hub Hub
15 Network side and Host side defined by range ???
16 Classful Address Ranges Start address - End address * is a Class C Address
17 IP Address (Classful) Class A Addresses to to Networks Hosts 0-16,777, ,777,216
18 IP Address (Classful) Class B Addresses to to Networks ,384 Hosts 0-65, ,536
19 IP Address (Classful) Class C Addresses to to Networks ,097,152 Hosts
20 IP Address (Classful) Class D Addresses to to Networks & Hosts undefined Defined use is for multicast
21 IP Address (Classful) Class E Addresses to to Networks & Hosts undefined Purpose yet to be defined (Research)
22 Classful Address Ranges Start address - End address Turned out to be a very inefficient way to hand out IP addresses! Subnetting (Classless) was the fix.
23 Classful / Classless IPv4 Addressing Classful addressing turned out to be very inefficient Class C too small for some businesses 2^8 or 254 host addresses Class B too big for most businesses 2^16 or 65,534 host addresses (can't practically implement) Class A network has 2^24 16,777,214 host addresses! Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) came up with subnetting and Classless Inter-Domain (CIDR) CIDR is a way of aggregating subnet addresses on the internet
24 IP Address (Classful) Classful Addresses have an implied Subnet Mask Class A Addresses to to Networks Hosts Implied Subnet Mask Slash Notation: IP Address followed by /8
25 IP Address (Classful) Classful Addresses have an implied Subnet Mask Class B Addresses to to Networks Hosts Implied Subnet Mask Slash Notation: IP Address followed by /16
26 IP Address (Classful) Classful Addresses have an implied Subnet Mask Class C Addresses to to Networks Hosts Implied Subnet Mask Slash Notation: IP Address followed by /24
27 IP Address (Classless) Example Subnetted Class A address: Address: Subnet Mask: Networks Subnets Hosts Subnets available Hosts available Implied Class A Subnet: Subnet: Slash Notation: IP Address followed by /12
28 IP Address (Classless) Example Subnetted Class B address: Address: Subnet Mask: Networks Hosts Subnets Subnets available Hosts available Implied Class B Subnet: Subnet: Slash Notation: IP Address followed by /21
29 IP Address (Classless) Example Subnetted Class C address: Address: Subnet Mask: Networks Hosts Subnets Subnets available Hosts available Implied Class C Subnet: Subnet: Slash Notation: IP Address followed by /27
30 IPv4 Addresses 2^32 = 4,294,967,296 Was running out quickly in the 90 s IPv6 was the fix IPv6 is a 128 bit address 2^128 = 3.4 x 10^38 = 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 Roughly equivalent to every grain of sand on Earth Works pretty much the same way as IPv4 This presentation will focus on IPv4 The push toward IPv6 was relieved by NAT NAT = Network Address Translation One PUBLIC address gives you as many PRIVATE addresses as you want
31 Information is placed on the internet by traversing the TCP/IP Stack 7. Application 6. Presentation 5. Session 4. Transport 3. Network 2. Data 1. Physical Application, software, program, app, such as: frames from: DMR, FUSION, DSTAR, IRLP, ECHOLINK, WINLINK, APRS, etc. MAC IP TCP MTU MAC The Wire or Radio or Fiber Optic TCP or UDP Segment IP Packet MAC Frame (ISO s OSI)
32 IP Address vs MAC Address In addition to IP Addresses, there are Media Access Control (MAC) Addresses An IP address is virtual you can assign any IP address to any device A MAC Address (AKA Hardware Address ) is hard-wired 48-bit address unique to every device on a LAN Every Network Interface Card (NIC) has a hardwired MAC address that cannot be changed
33 Information is placed on the internet by traversing the TCP/IP Stack 7. Application 6. Presentation 5. Session 4. Transport 3. Network 2. Data 1. Physical Application, software, program, app, such as: frames from: DMR, FUSION, DSTAR, IRLP, ECHOLINK, WINLINK, APRS, etc. MAC IP TCP MTU MAC The Wire or Radio or Fiber Optic TCP or UDP Segment IP Packet MAC Frame (ISO s OSI)
34 Where does this MAC address fit in? 1 st, let s start with powering on a There s a lot of things that happen when you first apply power to a One of them is to automatically get enough information to be able to connect to the internet This is done through a protocol called DHCP
35 DHCP and APIPA Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Software that automatically and dynamically assigns IP addresses Eliminates the need to manually assign IP addresses Makes it MUCH easier ON by default in today s computers There's DHCP "client" software and There's DHCP server" software
36 DHCP Four things a computer needs in order to work on a network: IP Address - every host needs a unique IP Address Subnet Mask - defines "network" part of IP Address IP Address to Default Gateway - a way *out* of your LAN" IP Address to DNS - Converts Fully Qualified Domain Name to an IP address
37 DHCP DHCP Software 1. Client sends DHCP Discover frame 2. sends DHCP Offer frame 3. Client sends DHCP Request frame 4. sends DHCP Acknowledge frame DHCP Client Software gets: IP address Subnet mask IP Address to Default Gateway IP Address to DNS
38 DHCP ISP DHCP Software DHCP Client Software DHCP Software gets: IP address Subnet mask IP Address to Default Gateway IP Address to DNS DHCP Client Software gets: IP address Subnet mask IP Address to Default Gateway IP Address to DNS
39 DHCP Software DHCP What if DHCP server is not there, or disconnected or broken for some reason? 1. Client sends DHCP Discover frame 2. Waiting waiting waiting 1 DHCP Client Software gets: waiting waiting waiting
40 DHCP 1 DHCP Software 1. Client sends DHCP Discover frame 2. Waiting waiting waiting 3. I ve waited long enough -- APIPA DHCP Client Software gets: waiting waiting waiting APIPA
41 APIPA Automatic Private IP Addressing Protocol implemented soon after DHCP to prevent misleading won t boot symptom If no DHCP server available, assigns itself an APIPA address in the range: to If user says My internet doesn t work, check the IP address (ipconfig) This will instantly tell you there s no DHCP
42 IP Address vs MAC Address So given a has the following after booting up: IP Address Subnet Mask IP Address to Default Gateway IP Address to DNS - How does a know what MAC address to use? - Another protocol ARP
43 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) (Provides a Link between Layer 3 and Layer 2) 7. Application 6. Presentation 5. Session 4. Transport 3. Network 2. Data 1. Physical Application, software, program, app, such as: frames from: DMR, FUSION, DSTAR, IRLP, ECHOLINK, WINLINK, APRS, etc. MAC IP TCP MTU MAC The Wire or Radio or Fiber Optic TCP or UDP Segment IP Packet MAC Frame (ISO s OSI)
44 Internet IP Address Subnet Mask
45 Internet FE:AA:98:00:00:01 FE:AA:98:00:00:06 FE:AA:98:00:00:02 FE:AA:98:00:00:03 MAC Address FE:AA:98:00:00:04 used from FE:AA:98:00:00:05 device to device IP Address Subnet Mask
46 ARP MAC Address used to move data to the next device (next HOP) MAC address of next HOP must be determined for every IP Address IP-to-MAC address mappings are stored in an ARP cache maintained in memory on each device. (When you first power on a, its ARP cache is empty.) If the given IP address does not appear in a device's ARP cache, that device cannot direct messages to that target until it obtains a new mapping and updates its ARP cache To do this, the initiating device sends an ARP request broadcast message on the local subnet (LAN) The host with the given IP address sends an ARP reply in response to the broadcast, allowing the initiating device to update its cache with the correct MAC address The sender can then assemble a MAC Frame and deliver the data to the intended recipient
47 When you first turn on a, one of the first things to happen is DHCP. DHCP sends out a broadcast looking for a DHCP server, the DHCP server responds and gives the the FOUR THINGS it needs to work on a network Internet The ARP cache is functionally empty at this point. s ARP Cache IP -Empty MAC IP Address Subnet Mask Default Gateway Address to DNS
48 Example: Ping Sees this IP address is NOT in the ARP cache Sees this address is in the same subnet Send ARP Broadcast Internet ARP ? s ARP Cache IP -Empty MAC IP Address Subnet Mask Default Gateway Address to DNS PING
49 Example: Ping Sees this IP address is NOT in the ARP cache Sees this address is in the same subnet Send ARP Broadcast ARP ? ARP ? ARP ? ARP ? ARP ? s ARP Cache IP -Empty MAC Internet IP Address Subnet Mask Default Gateway Address to DNS PING
50 Example: Ping Sees this IP address is NOT in the ARP cache Sees this address is in the same subnet Send ARP Broadcast with that IP address recognizes the request Internet! ARP ? s ARP Cache IP -Empty MAC IP Address Subnet Mask Default Gateway Address to DNS PING
51 Example: Ping Sees this IP address is NOT in the ARP cache Sees this address is in the same subnet Send ARP Broadcast with that IP address recognizes the request with IP address sends back MAC address Internet Yes, my MAC address is: FFFF EEEE DDDD CCCC s ARP Cache IP -Empty MAC IP Address Subnet Mask Default Gateway Address to DNS PING
52 Example: Ping Sees this IP address is NOT in the ARP cache Sees this address is in the same subnet Send ARP Broadcast with that IP address recognizes the request with IP address sends back MAC address Internet Yes, my MAC address is: FFFF EEEE DDDD CCCC s ARP Cache IP -Empty MAC IP Address Subnet Mask Default Gateway Address to DNS PING
53 Example: Ping Sees this IP address is NOT in the ARP cache Sees this address is in the same subnet Send ARP Broadcast with that IP address recognizes the request with IP address sends back MAC address s ARP cache is updated Internet It now knows where to send the Echo Request! s ARP Cache IP MAC FFFF EEEE DDDD CCCC IP Address Subnet Mask Default Gateway Address to DNS PING
54 Example: Need DNS Sees DNS is NOT in the same subnet Sends out ARP request for Default Gateway Internet s ARP Cache IP MAC FFFF EEEE DDDD CCCC IP Address Subnet Mask Default Gateway Address to DNS
55 Example: Need DNS Sees DNS is NOT in the same subnet Sends out ARP request for Default Gateway ARP ? ARP ? ARP ? ARP ? ARP ? s ARP Cache Internet IP MAC FFFF EEEE DDDD CCCC IP Address Subnet Mask Default Gateway Address to DNS
56 Example: Need DNS Sees DNS is NOT in the same subnet Sends out ARP request for Default Gateway Default Gateway responds with MAC Address Yes, my MAC address is: EEEE DDDD CCCC BBBB! Internet s ARP Cache IP MAC FFFF EEEE DDDD CCCC IP Address Subnet Mask Default Gateway Address to DNS
57 Example: Need DNS Sees DNS is NOT in the same subnet Sends out ARP request for Default Gateway Default Gateway responds with MAC Address! Internet Yes, my MAC address is: EEEE DDDD CCCC BBBB s ARP Cache IP MAC FFFF EEEE DDDD CCCC IP Address Subnet Mask Default Gateway Address to DNS
58 Example: Need DNS Sees DNS is NOT in the same subnet Sends out ARP request for Default Gateway Default Gateway responds with MAC Address ARP Cache is updated! Internet s ARP Cache IP MAC FFFF EEEE DDDD CCCC EEEE DDDD CCCC BBBB IP Address Subnet Mask Default Gateway Address to DNS
59 Example: Need DNS Sees DNS is NOT in the same subnet Sends out ARP request for Default Gateway Default Gateway responds with MAC Address ARP Cache is updated Now DSN request can be sent DNS google.com s ARP Cache Internet IP MAC FFFF EEEE DDDD CCCC EEEE DDDD CCCC BBBB IP Address Subnet Mask Default Gateway Address to DNS
60 Example: Need DNS Sees DNS is NOT in the same subnet Sends out ARP request for Default Gateway Default Gateway responds with MAC Address ARP Cache is updated Now DSN request can be sent Sends DNS Request to Default Gateway routes based on IP Address DNS google.com Internet s ARP Cache IP MAC FFFF EEEE DDDD CCCC EEEE DDDD CCCC BBBB IP Address Subnet Mask Default Gateway Address to DNS
61 Example: Need DNS Sees DNS is NOT in the same subnet Sends out ARP request for Default Gateway Default Gateway responds with MAC Address ARP Cache is updated Now DSN request can be sent Sends DNS Request to Default Gateway routes based on IP Address DNS sends back IP for google s ARP Cache Internet DNS google.com s IP address is IP MAC FFFF EEEE DDDD CCCC EEEE DDDD CCCC BBBB IP Address Subnet Mask Default Gateway Address to DNS
62 Example: Need DNS Sees DNS is NOT in the same subnet Sends out ARP request for Default Gateway Default Gateway responds with MAC Address ARP Cache is updated Now DSN request can be sent Sends DNS Request to Default Gateway routes based on IP Address DNS sends back IP for google DNS cache updated Since Address to google is not in the same subnet, it knows to send HTTP request to default gateway then routes on IP s DNS Cache Domain IP Google.com s ARP Cache Internet IP MAC FFFF EEEE DDDD CCCC EEEE DDDD CCCC BBBB IP Address Subnet Mask Default Gateway Address to DNS Address to Google
63 Example: Need DNS Sees DNS is NOT in the same subnet Sends out ARP request for Default Gateway Default Gateway responds with MAC Address ARP Cache is updated Now DSN request can be sent Sends DNS Request to Default Gateway routes based on IP Address DNS sends back IP for google DNS cache updated Since Address to google is not in the same subnet, it knows to send HTTP request to default gateway then routes on IP s DNS Cache s ARP Cache Internet Domain IP Google.com IP MAC FFFF EEEE DDDD CCCC EEEE DDDD CCCC BBBB IP Address Subnet Mask Default Gateway Address to DNS Address to Google
64 ARP View ARP cache: c:\arp a (-a = view all) View DNS cache: c:\ipconfig /displaydns
65 Information is placed on the internet by traversing the TCP/IP Stack 7. Application 6. Presentation 5. Session 4. Transport 3. Network 2. Data 1. Physical Application, software, program, app, such as: frames from: DMR, FUSION, DSTAR, IRLP, ECHOLINK, WINLINK, APRS, etc. MAC IP TCP MTU MAC The Wire or Radio or Fiber Optic TCP or UDP Segment IP Packet MAC Frame (ISO s OSI)
66 Example Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Physical Example: From: To: Subject: Test Dear user over there, this is a test . Thanks for listening. Sincerely, Me is actually a text file From: userhere@someplace.com To: userthere@someotherplace.com Subject: Test Dear user over there, this is a test . Thanks for listening. Sincerely, Me That gets broken up in to chunks (MTUs) From: To: userthere@ someotherplace. com Subject: Test Dear user over there, this is a test . Thanks for listening. Sincerely, Me
67 Example Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Physical From: userhere TCP Header From: userhere In this case ( ) TCP is used vs UDP SEGMENT TCP Header/Trailer information: Source port (Port Number explained later) Destination port Sequence Acknowledgement and some other stuff
68 Example Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Physical From: userhere TCP Header From: userhere IP Header TCP Header From: userhere IP address usually obtained through DNS SEGMENT PACKET IP Header/Trailer information: Source IP address Destination IP address Length Protocol Time to live And some other stuff
69 Example Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Physical IP Header TCP Header TCP Header From: userhere From: userhere From: userhere SEGMENT PACKET FRAME MAC Header IP Header TCP Header From: userhere MAC Trailer MAC Address Hardwired and used to transmit from device to device MAC Header/Trailer information: Source address Destination address CRC and some other stuff
70 Example Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Physical IP Header TCP Header TCP Header From: userhere From: userhere From: userhere SEGMENT PACKET FRAME MAC Header IP Header TCP Header From: userhere MAC Trailer
71 Example Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Physical IP Header TCP Header TCP Header From: userhere From: userhere From: userhere SEGMENT PACKET FRAME MAC Header IP Header TCP Header From: userhere MAC Trailer Host or Network Device NIC Wire NIC Host or Network Device Host or Network Device NIC Host or Network Device NIC NIC Host or Network Device
72 Can Encapsulate just about anything! MAC IP UDP MAC MAC IP UDP MAC MAC IP UDP DMR MAC (max MTU size 1500 bytes)
73 Example Data Segment Packet Frame Internet to - examines MAC -Determines which way to forward -Sends Hub File Web
74 Example Data Segment Packet Frame Internet to - strips away MAC -Examines IP -Determines which way to forward -Builds new MAC -Sends Hub File Web
75 Example Data Segment Packet Frame Internet to - strips away MAC -Examines IP -Determines which way to forward -Builds new MAC -Sends Hub File Web
76 Example Data Segment Packet Frame Internet to - examines MAC -Determines which way to forward -Sends Hub File Web
77 Example Data Segment Packet Frame Hub File Internet Web to - strips away MAC -Examines IP - Sees it s MINE! -Strips away IP Header -Examines TCP Header -Determines an Acknowledgement is required and sends it back Strips away TCP Header, stores first part of data and waits for further data to assemble
78 Example 1From: userhere 3To: Internet 4someotherplace. 5com Subject: 6Test Dear 7user over there, 8this is a test 9 . Thanks 10for listening. 11Sincerely, Me From: userhere Hub File Web
79 Example 1From: userhere 3To: Internet 4someotherplace. 5com Subject: 6Test Dear 7user over there, 8this is a test 9 . Thanks 10for listening. 11Sincerely, Me From: userhere 2@someplace.com Hub File Web
80 Example 1From: userhere 3To: Internet 4someotherplace. 5com Subject: 6Test Dear 7user over there, 8this is a test 9 . Thanks 10for listening. 11Sincerely, Me From: userhere 3To: userthere@ 2@someplace.com Hub File Web
81 Example 1From: userhere 3To: Internet 4someotherplace. 5com Subject: 6Test Dear 7user over there, 8this is a test 9 . Thanks 10for listening. 11Sincerely, Me @someplace.com 1From: userhere 4someotherplace. 3To: userthere@ Hub File Web
82 Example 1From: userhere 3To: Internet 4someotherplace. 5com Subject: 6Test Dear 7user over there, 8this is a test 9 . Thanks 10for listening. 11Sincerely, Me To: userthere@ 2@someplace.com Hub 5com Subject: 4someotherplace. File From: userhere Web
83 Example 1From: userhere 3To: Internet 4someotherplace. 5com Subject: 6Test Dear 7user over there, 8this is a test 9 . Thanks 10for listening. 11Sincerely, Me To: userthere@ com Subject: Hub 6Test Dear 4someotherplace. File @someplace.com Web 1 ACK From: userhere
84 Example 1From: userhere 3To: Internet 4someotherplace. 5com Subject: 6Test Dear 7user over there, 8this is a test 9 . Thanks 10for listening. 11Sincerely, Me 5com Subject: someotherplace. 1 ACK Hub 7user over there, 6Test Dear File To: userthere@ Web 2 ACK From: userhere 2@someplace.com
85 Example 1From: userhere 3To: Internet 4someotherplace. 5com Subject: 6Test Dear 7user over there, 8this is a test 9 . Thanks 10for listening. 11Sincerely, Me 1 ACK 6Test Dear ACK 5com Subject: 4someotherplace. 3 ACK 1From: userhere 2@someplace.com 3To: userthere@ 8this is a test 7user over there, Hub File Web
86 Example 1From: userhere 3To: Internet 4someotherplace. 5com Subject: 6Test Dear 7user over there, 8this is a test 9 . Thanks 10for listening. 11Sincerely, Me 1 ACK 2 ACK this is a test 9 . Thanks 7user over there, Hub File ACK 6Test Dear 5com Subject: Web 4 ACK From: userhere 2@someplace.com 3To: userthere@ 4someotherplace
87 Example 1From: userhere 3To: Internet 4someotherplace. 5com Subject: 6Test Dear 7user over there, 8this is a test 9 . Thanks 10for listening. 11Sincerely, Me 3 ACK user over there, 4 ACK 1From: userhere ACK Hub 10for listening. 9 . Thanks 8this is a test File Test Dear Web 5 ACK @someplace.com 3To: userthere@ 4someotherplace. 5com Subject: 1 ACK
88 Example 4someotherplace. 5com Subject: 3To: 6Test Dear Internet 1From: userhere 7user over there, 8this is a test 9 . Thanks 3To: userthere@ 10for listening. 11Sincerely, Me 4 ACK this is a test 5 ACK 4someotherplace. 5com Subject: ACK Hub 11Sincerely, Me 10for listening. 9 . Thanks File user over there, Web 6 ACK Test Dear 2 ACK
89 Example 4someotherplace. 5com Subject: 3To: 6Test Dear Internet 1From: userhere 7user over there, 8this is a test 9 . Thanks 3To: userthere@ 10for listening. 11Sincerely, Me 5 ACK ACK 9 . Thanks 4someotherplace. 5com Subject: ACK 11Sincerely, Me Hub 3 ACK 10for listening. File this is a test Web 7 ACK Test Dear 7user over there,
90 Example 4someotherplace. 5com Subject: 6Test Dear Internet 1From: userhere 7user over there, 8this is a test 9 . Thanks 3To: userthere@ 10for listening. 11Sincerely, Me 6 ACK for listening. 7 ACK 4someotherplace. 5com Subject: ACK Hub 4 ACK 11Sincerely, Me File Thanks Web 8 ACK Test Dear 7user over there, 8this is a test
91 Example 5com Subject: 6Test Dear 7user over there, 8this is a test 9 . Thanks 10for listening. 11Sincerely, Me 7 ACK ACK Hub 5 ACK File Internet Sincerely, Me 10for listening Web 8 ACK 9 ACK From: userhere 2@someplace.com 3To: userthere@ 4someotherplace. 5com Subject: 6Test Dear 7user over there, 8this is a test 9 . Thanks
92 Example 6Test Dear 7user over there, 8this is a test 9 . Thanks 10for listening. 11Sincerely, Me 7 ACK Hub 6 ACK ACK 8 ACK File Internet Sincerely, Me Web 10 ACK From: userhere 2@someplace.com 3To: userthere@ 4someotherplace. 5com Subject: 6Test Dear 7user over there, 8this is a test 9 . Thanks 10for listening
93 Example 7user over there, 8this is a test 9 . Thanks 10for listening. 11Sincerely, Me 8 ACK 7 ACK Hub ACK 9 ACK File Internet 11 ACK Web From: userhere 2@someplace.com 3To: userthere@ 4someotherplace. 5com Subject: 6Test Dear 7user over there, 8this is a test 9 . Thanks 10for listening. 11Sincerely, Me
94 Example Internet 1From: userhere 10for listening. 8this is a test 9 . Thanks 11Sincerely, Me ACK 10 ACK ACK 8 ACK Hub File Web To: userthere@ 4someotherplace. 5com Subject: 6Test Dear 7user over there, 8this is a test 9 . Thanks 10for listening. 11Sincerely, Me
95 Example Internet 1From: userhere 10for listening. 11Sincerely, Me 9 . Thanks 11 ACK ACK 9 ACK Hub File Web To: userthere@ 4someotherplace. 5com Subject: 6Test Dear 7user over there, 8this is a test 9 . Thanks 10for listening. 11Sincerely, Me
96 Example Internet 1From: userhere 3To: 10for listening. 11Sincerely, Me someotherplace. 5com Subject: Test Dear 7user over there, 11 ACK 10 ACK Hub File Web this is a test 9 . Thanks 10for listening. 11Sincerely, Me
97 Example Internet 1From: userhere 3To: 11Sincerely, Me someotherplace. 5com Subject: Test Dear 7user over there, 11 ACK Hub File Web this is a test 9 . Thanks 10for listening. 11Sincerely, Me
98 Example Internet 1From: userhere 3To: someotherplace. 5com Subject: Test Dear 7user over there, Hub File Web this is a test 9 . Thanks 10for listening. 11Sincerely, Me
99 Example Internet All info now at 1From: userhere To: 4someotherplace com Subject: 6Test Dear Hub File Web user over there, 8this is a test 9 . Thanks 10for listening. 11Sincerely, Me
100 Example Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Physical From: To: someotherplace. com Subject: Test Dear user over there, this is a test . Thanks for listening. Sincerely, Me Chunks (MTUs) then reassembled into a text file From: userhere@someplace.com To: userthere@someotherplace.com Subject: Test Dear user over there, this is a test . Thanks for listening. Sincerely, Me
101 Example Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Physical From: To: someotherplace. com Subject: Test Dear user over there, this is a test . Thanks for listening. Sincerely, Me Chunks (MTUs) then reassembled into a text file From: userhere@someplace.com To: userthere@someotherplace.com Subject: Test Dear user over there, this is a test . Thanks for listening. Sincerely, Me Application then displays it as an From: userhere@someplace.com To: userthere@someotherplace.com Subject: Test Dear user over there, this is a test . Thanks for listening. Sincerely, Me
102 Just about anything can be encapsulated by an IP Packet 7. Application 6. Presentation 5. Session 4. Transport 3. Network 2. Data 1. Physical Application, software, program, app, such as: frames from: DMR, FUSION, DSTAR, IRLP, ECHOLINK, WINLINK, APRS, etc. MAC IP TCP MTU MAC The Wire or Radio or Fiber Optic TCP or UDP Segment IP Packet MAC Frame (ISO s OSI)
103 ISO s OSI TCP/IP ISO s OSI 7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data 1 Physical Applications such as: HTTP, SMTP, DSTAR, FUSION, DMR, IRLP, ECHOLINK, APRS, etc. 99.9% of the time, TCP or UDP 99.9% of the time, IP Examples: IEEE 802.3, IEEE (MAC) Examples: Ethernet, USB, Serial Connectors Air Interface, etc.
104 You are located some where in the BLUE! Internet Logical Map
105 How the Internet Works For the Ham DMR FUSION IRLP DSTAR ECHOLINK APRS WINLINK WSPR
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