DATA AND COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS

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1 DATA AND COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS Ninth Edition William Stallings Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo

2 CONTENTS Preface 15 Acknowledgments 21 About the Author 23 Animations Directory 25 Chapter 0 Reader's and Instructor's Guide Outline of the Book A Roadmap for Readers and Instructors Internet and Web Resources Standards 34 PART ONE OVERVIEW 36 Chapter 1 Data Communications, Data Networks, and the Internet Data Communications and Networking for Today's Enterprise A Communications Model Data Communications Networks The Internet An Example Configuration 58 Chapter 2 Protocol Architecture, TCP/IP, and Internet-Based Applications The Need for a Protocol Architecture A Simple Protocol Architecture The TCP/IP Protocol Architecture Standardization within a Protocol Architecture Traditional Internet-Based Applications Multimedia Recommended Reading and Web Sites Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 82 Appendix 2A The Trivial File Transfer Protocol 85 PART TWO DATA COMMUNICATIONS 90 Chapter 3 Data Transmission Concepts and Terminology Analog and Digital Data Transmission Transmission Impairments Channel Capacity Recommended Reading and Web Site Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 122 Appendix ЗА Decibels and Signal Strength 125 Chapter 4 Transmission Media Guided Transmission Media Wireless Transmission 144

3 8 CONTENTS 4.3 Wireless Propagation Line-of-Sight Transmission Recommended Reading and Web Sites Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 162 Chapter 5 Signal Encoding Techniques Digital Data, Digital Signals Digital Data, Analog Signals Analog Data, Digital Signals Analog Data, Analog Signals Recommended Reading Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 203 Chapter 6 Digital Data Communication Techniques Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmission Types of Errors Error Detection Error Correction Line Configurations Recommended Reading Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 232 Chapter 7 Data Link Control Protocols Flow Control Error Control High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) Recommended Reading Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 258 Appendix 7A Performance Issues 261 Chapter 8 Multiplexing Frequency Division Multiplexing Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing Statistical Time Division Multiplexing Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line xdsl Recommended Reading and Web Sites Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 301 Chapter 9 Spread Spectrum The Concept of Spread Spectrum Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Code Division Multiple Access Recommended Reading and Web Site Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 322

4 CONTENTS 9 PART THREE WIDE AREA NETWORKS 326 Chapter 10 Circuit Switching and Packet Switching Switched Communications Networks Circuit-Switching Networks Circuit-Switching Concepts Softswitch Architecture Packet-Switching Principles Recommended Reading Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 348 Chapter 11 Asynchronous Transfer Mode The Role of ATM Protocol Architecture ATM Logical Connections ATM Cells Transmission of ATM Cells ATM Service Categories Recommended Reading and Web Sites Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 375 Chapter 12 Routing in Switched Data Networks Routing in Packet-Switching Networks Examples: Routing in ARPANET Least-Cost Algorithms Recommended Reading Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 401 Chapter 13 Congestion Control in Data Networks Effects of Congestion Congestion Control Traffic Management Congestion Control in Packet-Switching Networks ATM Traffic Management ATM-GFR Traffic Management Recommended Reading Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 432 Chapter 14 Cellular Wireless Networks Principles of Cellular Networks First-Generation Analog Second-Generation CDMA Third-Generation Systems Fourth-Generation Systems Recommended Reading and Web Sites Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 467

5 10 CONTENTS PART FOUR LOCAL AREA NETWORKS 470 Chapter 15 Local Area Network Overview Topologies and Transmission Media LAN Protocol Architecture Bridges Hubs and Switches Virtual LANs Recommended Reading and Web Sites Key Terms, Review? Questions, and Problems 502 Chapter 16 Ethernet Traditional Ethernet High-Speed Ethernet IEEE 802.1QVLAN Standard Recommended Reading and Web Sites Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 528 Appendix 16A Digital Signal Encoding for LANs 531 Appendix 16B Scrambling 538 Chapter 17 Wireless LANs Overview Wireless LAN Technology IEEE Architecture and Services IEEE Medium Access Control IEEE Physical Layer IEEE Security Considerations Recommended Reading and Web Sites Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 571 PART FIVE PROTOCOLS 573 INTERNET AND TRANSPORT Chapter 18 Internet Protocols Principles of Internetworking Internet Protocol Operation Internet Protocol IPv Virtual Private Networks and IP Security Recommended Reading and Web Sites Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 609 Chapter 19 Internetwork Operation Multicasting Routing Protocols Mobile IP Recommended Reading and Web Sites Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 648

6 CONTENTS 11 Chapter Chapter Chapter PART SIX Internetwork Quality of Service 651 Integrated Services Architecture 653 Resource Reservation Protocol 662 Differentiated Services 672 Service Level Agreements 680 IP Performance Metrics 682 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 685 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems Multiprotocol Label Switching 689 The Role of MPLS 691 Backgrounds 693 MPLS Operation 695 Labels 700 FECs, LSPs, and Labels 704 Label Distribution 706 Traffic Engineering 710 Virtual Private Networks 715 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 717 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems Transport Protocols Connection-Oriented Transport Protocol Mechanisms 722 TCP 740 TCP Congestion Control 748 UDP 759 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 760 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 761 NETWORK SECURITY 765 Chapter 23 Computer and Network Security Threats Computer Security Concepts Threats, Attacks, and Assets Intruders Malicious Software Overview Viruses, Worms, and Bots Recommended Reading and Web Sites Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 793 Chapter 24 Computer and Network Security Techniques Virtual Private Networks and IPsec SSLandTLS Wi-Fi Protected Access Intrusion Detection Firewalls Malware Defense Recommended Reading and Web sites Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 824

7 12 CONTENTS APPENDICES 827 Appendix A Fourier Analysis 827 A.l Fourier Series Representation of Periodic Signals 828 A.2 Fourier Transform Representation of Aperiodic Signals 829 A.3 Recommended Reading 832 Appendix В Projects and Other Student Exercises for Teaching Data and Computer Communications 833 B.l Animations and Animation Projects 834 B.2 Practical Exercises 835 B.3 Sockets Projects 835 B.4 Wireshark Projects 836 B.5 Simulation and Modeling Projects 836 B.6 Performance Modeling 837 B.7 Research Projects 837 B.8 Reading/Report Assignments 838 B.9 Writing Assignments 838 B.10 Discussion Topics 838 References 839 Index 853 ONLINE CHAPTERS PART SEVEN INTERNET APPLICATIONS 25-1 Chapter 25 Electronic Mail, DNS, and HTTP Electronic Mail: SMTP and MIME Internet Directory Service: DNS Web Access and HTTP Recommended Reading and Web Sites Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems Chapter 26 Internet Multimedia Support Real-Time Traffic Voice Over IP and Multimedia Support SIP Real-Time Transport Protocol Recommended Reading and Web Sites Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems ONLINE APPENDICES Appendix С C.l Standards Organizations The Importance of Standards C.2 Standards-Setting Organizations Appendix D The OSI Model D.l The Model D.2 The OSI Layers

8 CONTENTS 13 Appendix E Appendix F The International Reference Alphabet Proof of the Sampling Theorem Appendix G G.l Physical-Layer Interfacing V24/EIA-232-F G.2 ISDN Physical Interface Appendix H Queuing Effects H. 1 Queuing Models H.2 Queuing Results Appendix I LI ATM Adaptation Layer AAL Services 1.2 AAL Protocols Appendix J Leaky Bucket Algorithms J.l Peak Cell Rate Algorithm J.2 Sustainable Cell Rate Algorithm Appendix К The Spanning Tree Algorithm Appendix L L.l LAN Performance Issues The Effect of Propagation Delay and Transmission Rate L.2 Simple Performance Model for CSMA/CD Appendix M Fibre Channel M. 1 Fibre Channel Elements M.2 Fibre Channel Protocol Architecture M.3 Fibre Channel Physical Media and Topologies Appendix N Orthogonality, Correlation, and Autocorrelation N.l Correlation and Autocorrelation N.2 Orthogonal Codes Appendix О Appendix P P.l TCP/IP Example The TCP/IP Checksum Ones Complement Addition P.2 UsemTCPandlP Appendix Q Cryptographic Algorithms Q.l Symmetric Encryption Q.2 Public-Key Cryptography Q.3 Secure Hash Functions Appendix R Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) and Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) R.I Uniform Resource Locator R.2 Uniform Resource Identifier R.3 To Learn More

9 14 CONTENTS Appendix S Augmented Backus-Naur Form Appendix T Sockets: A Programmer's Introduction T.l Sockets, Socket Descriptors, Ports, and Connections T.2 The Client/Server Model of Communication T.3 Sockets Elements T.4 Stream and Datagram Sockets T.5 Run-Time Program Control T.6 Remote Execution of a Windows Console Application Appendix U Frame Relay U.l X.25 U.2 Frame Relay U.3 Frame Relay Congestion Control U.4 Problems Appendix V Glossary Derivations of Equations and Examples

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