8051 Peripherals. On-Chip Memory Timers Serial Port Interrupts. Computer Engineering Timers

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1 8051 Peripherals On-Chip Memory Timers Serial Port Interrupts Computer Engineering Timers

2 8051 Timers The 8051 has 2 internal 16-bit timers named Timer 0 and Timer 1 Each timer is a 16-bit counter Count range is 0000H to FFFFH (65535) The timers have 2 modes of operation Timer mode allows the timer to count internal clock pulses The timer register is updated every machine cycle (12 oscillator clocks) Applications include delays, real time clocks etc The timers may also be used to generate the baud rate for the serial port In counter mode the timer can be used to count external events The timer register is incremented every time an external timer pin goes high to low Applications include pulse width and frequency measurement Computer Engineering Timers

3 Timer Operation Each timer is an up-counter Consider a 4-bit counter the count range is 0000 to 1111 (F Hex) when the count reaches 1111 it will overflow to 0000 an overflow flag will be set when this overflow condition occurs to generate a delay the counter is loaded with an initial value and then started the count will increment every counter clock the maximum delay is 16 clocks (initial value = 0000) delays shorter than 16 clocks are possible by changing the initial value Example a 4-bit counter is clocked by a 1Kz clock. If the counter is loaded with an initial value of 6, how long before the counter will overflow? Computer Engineering Timers

4 4-Bit Operation Counter counts up on each rising edge of the clock when the ENABLE input is high Count range is 0000 to 1111 Binary The counter may be loaded with an initial value on the PL inputs when the LOAD signal is high The overflow signal OVF goes high when the count overflows Initial Output Range 0000 to 1111 (0 to 15 decimal) PL3 PL2 PL1 PL0 Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0 Count Output Range 0000 to 1111 (0 to 15 decimal) LOAD OVF CLK ENABLE High when count overflows From 1111 to bit Counter Computer Engineering Timers

5 Using the 8051 Timers For Delays Each 8051 timer is a 16 bit register with a count range from 0000H to FFFFH The timer register is made up of 2 8-bit registers TH0 and TL0 for timer 0 TH1 and TL1 for timer 1 THx holds the count high byte, TLx holds the count low byte. When enabled the timer counts from an initial value to FFFFH and then overflows to 0000H. The count is incremented every 12 clocks (1 machine cycle). An overflow flag is set when the count overflows. Delay = [12 x (2 16 initial value)]/fosc fosc = 8051 crystal frequency Initial value = timer register start value Computer Engineering Timers

6 Delay = [12 x (2 16 initial value)]/fosc Delay Calculations Initial Value = [(delay x fosc)/12] Max. delay for a 12MHz crystal is 12x2 16 / = 65536usec = msec. this is for an initial value of 0 Calculate the initial value for a delay of 50msec initial value = 2 16 [(0.05 x )/12] Initial value = decimal = 3CB0H Load TL0 with B0H Load TH0 with 3CH Computer Engineering Timers

7 Timer Configuration Before using the timers a number of Special Function Registers (SFRs) must be configured. The SFRs are contained in the 8051 s internal data memory. 1. The timer control register (TCON) is used to start and stop the timers. The timer overflow flags are also contained in this register. 2. The timer mode register (TMOD) is used to configure the mode of operation of the timers 3. The timer registers (THx and TLx) contain the current 16-bit timer count. These registers can be loaded to provide an initial count. Computer Engineering Timers

8 Timer Control Register Source Philips 80C51 Family Programmer s Guide and Instruction Set Computer Engineering Timers

9 Timer Control Register (TCON) The timer control SFR contains 2 bits for each timer The run bit (TR0 for timer 0, TR1 for timer 1) is set to turn on the timer, cleared to turn off the timer The timer flag bit (TF0 for timer 0, TF1 for timer 1) is set when the timer register overflows from FFFFH to 0000H TCON is bit-addressable i..e to start a timer running TR0 = 1; To stop a timer TR0 = 0; To test if the timer has overflowed while(!tf0); //wait for timer to overflow Computer Engineering Timers

10 Timer Mode Register (TMOD) Source Philips 80C51 Family Programmer s Guide and Instruction Set Computer Engineering Timers

11 Timer Mode Register (TMOD) The TMOD register is used to configure the timer mode. There are 4 bits for each timer. The timers can operate in 4 modes set by the bits M1 and M0. For now we will just use the timer in mode 1 (M1M0 = 01 ). In mode 1 the timer operates as a 16 bit counter The C/T bit configures the timer to count internal clock pulses (timer mode) or external pulses (counter mode). For delays the C/T bit should be 0 The Gate bit should be 0 for all delay applications. The TMOD register is not bit addressable. Computer Engineering Timers

12 Configuring The Timers Timer 0 can be configured to generate a delay using the following steps: - 1. Clear the timer run bit and timer flag TR0 = 0; //timer stopped TF0 = 0; //timer flag cleared 2. Configure the timer mode register TMOD = 0x01; //timer 0 configured for mode 1 in timer mode 3. Configure the initial timer register value TH0 = 0x3C; //initial value for 50msec delay using a 12MHz crystal TL0 = 0xB0; 4. Start the timer TR0 = 1; //timer started 5. Wait for the timer flag to be set. The flag will be set when the timer overflows. while(!tf0); 6. Clear the timer flag and stop the timer. TF0 = 0; TR0 = 0; Computer Engineering Timers

13 Using Timer 0 to Generate a Delay //function to generate a delay of 50msec void delay() { TR0 = 0; //stop timer TF0 = 0; //clear timer flag TMOD = 0x01; //mode 1-16 bit timer TH0 = 0x3C; //reload values for a 50msec delay TL0 = 0xB0; TR0 = 1; //start timer; while(!tf0); //wait for timer overflow TF0 = 0; //clear overflow flag TR0 = 0; //stop timer } Computer Engineering Timers

14 Timer Quiz What delay is generated by the following function if the 8051 is operating off a 12MHz crystal? void delay() { TR0 = 0; TF0 = 0; TMOD = 0x01; TH0 = 0x3C; TL0 = 0xB0; TR0 = 1; while(!tf0); TF0 = 0; TR0 = 0; } //stop timer //clear timer flag //mode 1-16 bit timer //reload values for a 50msec delay //start timer; //wait for timer overflow //clear overflow flag //stop timer Write a function that uses timer 0 to generate a delay of 1msec. Assume that the 8051 is operating off a 12MHz crystal. Computer Engineering Timers

15 Using Timer 0 to Generate a Delay The maximum delay that can be generated with a timer using a 12MHz crystal is msec. To generate longer delays we need to insert a loop into our delay function. //function to generate a delay of x times 50msec void delay(unsigned char x) { unsigned char z; TR0 = 0; //stop timer TF0 = 0; //clear timer flag TMOD = 0x01; //mode 1-16 bit timer for (z=0;z<x;z++) { TH0 = 0x3C; //reload values for a 50msec delay TL0 = 0xB0; TR0 = 1; //start timer; while(!tf0); //wait for timer overflow TF0 = 0; } TR0 = 0; //stop timer } Computer Engineering Timers

16 Example Code //program to flash an LED connected to Port 2 pin 0 every second using timer 0 #include <reg51.h> sbit LED = P2^0; void delay(unsigned char x); void main() { while (1) //continuous loop { LED = 0; //LED off delay(10); //delay = 10 * 50msec = 0.5sec LED = 1; //LED on delay(10); } } //Delay function (delay = x * 50msec) void delay(unsigned char x) {. } Computer Engineering Timers

17 Counter Mode When the C/T bit in the TMOD register is set to 1, the timers will count high to low transitions on the relevant counter pin P3.4 for timer 0 P3.5 for timer 1 If the run bit is set, the timer registers will be incremented for every high to low transition on the timer pin The low and high state must remain active for at least 1 machine cycle Useful or measuring the frequency of an external source e.g. heart beat monitor Max. frequency that can be measured = (crystal frequency)/(2 * 12) Computer Engineering Timers

18 Frequency Measurement How do we write code to measure the frequency of an external waveform? Connect the signal to be measured to a timer input pin P3.5 is the timer 1 pin (T1) Set up timer 0 in timer mode for a fixed delay (e.g. 1 second) Set up timer 1 in counter mode with an initial value of 0 Start the 2 timers running The timer 1 counter will increment on each high to low transition of the T1 pin At the end of the 1 second interval, the timer 1 register contains a count of the number of waveform periods measured. Frequency = Timer 1 count 8051 T1 Computer Engineering Timers

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