8051 Timers. Class 7 EE4380 Fall Pari vallal Kannan. Center for Integrated Circuits and Systems University of Texas at Dallas

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1 8051 Timers Class 7 EE4380 Fall 2002 Pari vallal Kannan Center for Integrated Circuits and Systems University of Texas at Dallas

2 Introduction Timers Timing devices - Generate specific time delay Event counter - Count the occurrence of an (external) event 8051 has Two 16-bit timers T0 and T Timers can operate in many modes Timer mode is controlled by TMOD register Timers are controlled by TCON register (upper 4 bits) Clock source for the timer is sys_clk/12 24-Sep-02 2

3 Timer Registers 8051 timers are made up of two 8-bit registers each Timer 0 Registers TL0 and TH0 Accessed like any other register mov TL0, #55H, mov R1, TH0 Timer 1 Registers TL1 and TH1 24-Sep-02 3

4 8051 Timer : TMOD Register Gate1 C/T1 M1 M0 Gate0 C/T0 M1 M0 Gate - Gating Control (how to start-stop timer) 0 software gating (TRx bit in TCON register) 1 hardware gating (INTx pin) C/T - Counter/Timer Operation 0 Timer operation (clock is sysclk/12) 1 Counter operation (clock is T0 or T1 pin) M1:M0 - Mode control 00 Mode 0 (13bit timer) 01 Mode 1 (16 bit timer) 10 Mode 2 (8 bit timer, with auto-reload) 11 Mode 3 (split timer) 24-Sep-02 4

5 Timer: Mode 1 16 bit timer Load the timer with a number and set TR, to start counting When the counter rolls over to 0x0000, it sets the TF flag and raises the TF interrupt if enabled XTAL oscillator divide by 12 TH TL TF TR TF=1 if TH:TL goes from oxffff to 0x Sep-02 5

6 Timer Mode 1 Algorithm 1. Load TMOD register to set mode 2. Load TLx and THx with the initial count values 3. Start timer (setb TRx) 4. Keep monitoring TFx flag (jnb TFx, target) 5. Stop timer (clrb TRx) and clear TFx flag 6. Go back to step 2 to load again Time spent Telapsed = ( intial_value)*cycle_time Instead of polling for TFx flag, an ISR could be used 24-Sep-02 6

7 Timer : Mode 1 Example Generate a 50% duty cycle square wave on P1.5, with Timer0 mov TMOD, #01 ;Timer 0, mode 1 Here: mov TL0, #0F2H mov TH0, #0FFH ;Initial Value = FFF2H cpl P1.5 acall delay sjmp Here Delay: setb TR0 ;start Timer0 Again: jnb TF0, Again ;poll for TF0 (timer overflow) clr TR0 ;stop timer clr TF0 ;clear TF0 flag RET 24-Sep-02 7

8 Timers and Interrupts On timer overflow interrupt TF1 or TF0 is generated Enable the interrupt and then start the timer ISR automatically clears the TFx flag Program to generate a square wave on Pin1.2 org 0x0000 ljmp MAIN org 0x000B ;ISR for T0 cpl P1.2 ;toggle P1.2 mov TL0, #0x55 ;reload T0 mov TH0, #0xAA reti org 0x0030 main: mov TMOD, # B ;T0, Mode1 mov TL0, #0x55 ;load T0 mov TH0, #0xAA mov IE, #0x82 ;enable T0 interrupt setb TR0 ;start T0 here: sjmp here ;wait here until interrupted 24-Sep-02 8

9 Timer for Time Measurement Timer are used to measure elapsed time Useful for scheduling routine tasks Similar to cron functionality Not as accurate as an RTC, but cheap! Timer s clock is 1/12 of the 8051 clock Time period for one count is = 1.085us Time spent for a count sequence to roll-over is Number of counts x 1.085us Ex: Timer loaded with 0xFFF2 Number of counts to rollover to 0x0000 is 0xFFFF-0xFFF2 +1 = 14 Time elapsed = 14 x 1.085us Timer0 sequence FFF2 TF=0 FFF3 TF=0 FFF4 TF=0.. FFFE TF=0 FFFF TF=1 24-Sep-02 9

10 Time measurement (contd.) How to calculate the initial load values for a given time delay requirement T? Divide T by 1.085us to get n (assumed MHz crystal) Find m = n Convert m to hex, m = 0xUUVV Load TH 0xUU and TL 0xVV For larger delays? Repeat inside a loop Introduce a number of additional instructions (nop), before enabling the timer again Go for an RTC 24-Sep-02 10

11 Timer : Other modes Mode 0 Exactly like Mode1, but it is a 13bit timer Count sequence is from 0x0000 to 0x1FFF Mode 2 8 bit timer, with auto reload Load the count value in TH and enable the timer 8051 loads TL with TH (TL TH) When TL rolls-over to 0x00, timer raises TF flag (and interrupt) After TF flag is cleared by ISR / code, TL is automatically reloaded with TH again and the cycle repeats Used in serial communication as baud rate generator 24-Sep-02 11

12 Timers as Counters Counters count how many times a particular event has occurred How many 1 s in a bit stream? How many widgets passed the sensor in an assembly line? How many dogs walked past my doggie door? Counters increment their count when they receive a signal (count pulse) 8051 timers can serve as counters C/T bit in TMOD reg has to be 1 for counter operation Two external pins on 8051 to give the count pulses P3.4 (T0, pin 14) : external count pulse for Timer0 P3.5 (T1, pin 15) : external count pulse for Timer1 24-Sep-02 12

13 Counter Example Count the pulses on pin T1 (P3.5) and display the counter value on P2. Counter is in mode 2 START: mov TMOD, # B ;counter 1, mode 2, C/T=1 mov TH1, #0 ;count from 0x00 to 0xFF setb P3.5 ;configure P3.5 as input AGAIN: setb TR1 ;enable counter BACK: mov A, TL1 ;read TL1 value mov P2, A ;display it on P2 jnb TF1, back ;poll for TF1, could use INT1 also clr TR1 ;stop counter clr TF1 ;clear TF1 flag sjmp AGAIN ;while(1) 24-Sep-02 13

14 Timers : External Gate External gate provides the facility of controlling the timer with an external device Push buttons maybe used to enable/disable timer Snooze button in an 8051 based clock! Set GATE=1 in TMOD, then the timer can be controlled from an external pin Pin P3.2 (INT0) for Timer0 Pin P3.3 (INT1) for Timer1 With GATE=1, Timer is enabled iff TRx is set by software (setb TR0) AND, INT0 (Pin P3.2) has to be pulled HIGH by hardware 24-Sep-02 14

15 Next Class Serial communication on 8051 Thanks! 24-Sep-02 15

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