Interoperability. Luca Mottola slides partly by Simon Duquennoy. Politecnico di Milano, Italy and Swedish Institute of Computer Science
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1 Interoperability Luca Mottola slides partly by Simon Duquennoy Politecnico di Milano, Italy and Swedish Institute of Computer Science
2 2 Not just stand-alone systems
3 3 NES in business processes!
4 Motivation WSNs as stand-alone systems, programmed by WSN geeks WSNs integrated with company back-end, programmed by business process experts
5 - Smart buildings - Supply chain management - Factory automation - - Sensor abstraction layers are not enough! - Business processes must cross gateway boundaries distributed in-network control disconnected operation Applications
6
7 makesense Application Model Business Process Macroprogramming Abstractions WSN Run-time Support Sensor Node
8 Macroprogramming Language Meta-Abstraction <<use>> Action Modifier 1 Target Target Distributed Action <<use>> Local Action <<use>> Tell Action Report Action <<use>> 0..1 Data Operator Collective Action f(x1.. xn) Tell Collective Report Data Operator
9 9 Application Model
10 Application Model Report Target 1 0
11 What about the Internet of Things? 1 1
12 CISCO s Vision Size doubling every 5.32 years. The IoT was born between 2008 and Source: Cisco IBSG, April
13 IPv6 in the IoT and Sensor Networks - Connect heterogeneous links Getting Wifi, bluethooth, to talk together - Connect heterogeneous applications For the benefit of the user - Rely on stable, tested standards - Benefits of IPv6 over v4 Scalability Stateless autoconfiguration 1 3
14 The IPv6 Embedded Stack HTTP XMPP.. CoAP.. - Traditional IP stack - Many of recent IETF standards - IPv6 as the narrow waist TCP IPv6 (+ 6LoWPAN) + RPL UDP Wifi PLC Bluetooth.. - Runs in system with a few kb memory 1 4
15 Link Layer - IP connects a variety of link layers - Wired or wireless - Sensor and smart object link layers are often lossy HTTP XMPP.. CoAP.. TCP UDP IPv6 (+ 6LoWPAN) + RPL Wifi PLC Bluetooth.. 1 5
16 - Narrow waist of the stack - IPv6 (for scalability and autoconfiguration) - 6LoWPAN brings IPv6 to RPL: routing over low-power and lossy links Network Layer HTTP XMPP.. CoAP.. TCP UDP IPv6 (+ 6LoWPAN) + RPL Wifi PLC Bluetooth.. 1 6
17 The 6LoWPAN Adaptation Layer - IPv6 128-bit addresses, 40-byte header, minimum MTU of 1280 bytes Only 127 bytes per packet LoWPAN, RFC 4944 Header compression (down to 2 bytes!), layer 2.5 fragmentation 1 7
18 The RPL Routing Protocol - IETF Working Group Roll - RPL protocol, RFC Challenges addressed by Roll: Target networks optimized for saving energy 2 Root 3 4 Traffic pattern is not unicast-only 5 6 Restrications on the frame size Efficiency-generality tradeoff - Routing based on a DODAG topology 7 example DODAG 8 1 8
19 Transport Layer - Like in the traditional Internet: TCP and UDP - No specific adaptation (other than 6LoWPAN compression) HTTP XMPP.. CoAP.. TCP UDP IPv6 (+ 6LoWPAN) + RPL Wifi PLC Bluetooth.. 1 9
20 TCP and UDP on Resource-constrained Devices - UDP is cheap and suits traditional sensing - TCP more complex and some known issues Issues with congestion control Overhead of connection establishment Overhead of acknowledgments and reordering Never say never: IP, and then IPv6, were considered too expansive too! 2 0
21 Application Layer - A variety of application layers - Borrowed from the Internet (HTTP, XMPP) or not (CoAP) - Most common goal: enable RESTful interaction HTTP XMPP.. CoAP.. TCP UDP IPv6 (+ 6LoWPAN) + RPL Wifi PLC Bluetooth.. 2 1
22 HTTP and the Web of Things - Enables direct connection to existing servers and clients - Lightweight HTTP implementations Embeds an HTTP server is systems with < 10kB code memory Contiki has Web server and clients: connect small sensor nodes and actuators HTTP servers run on Sun SPOT (i.e. embedded HTTP+java solution) 2 2
23 - Protocol HTTP as the main/first standard protocol RESTful Smart Objects CoAP as a more lightweight alternative (detailed later) - Interface example - GET /sensors/temperature - POST /light?intensity=40 - An API to the world! Programmable with any scripting language Browsable from any device (computer, tabled, phone) - Often referred to as the Web of Things Check out 2 3
24 CoAP and the Web of Things - From the IETF CoRE working group - Brings REST to the smallest devices Uses UDP instead of TCP Reduces HTTP header overhead - Comes with new features Built-in server-push capability Resource description (CoRE) link format Group communication (multicast) 2 4
25 2 5 The cloud in the loop!
26 - Storage and applications as a service - Took off insanely quickly (quicker than IoT ;)) Cloud Computing 2 6
27 A Cloud-centric IoT app app app app app 2 7
28 2 8 Social Aspects - Connect your world to your social networks! - Discover friend s resources, devices and data - Create new interactions
29 Example: Participatory Sensing - An initiative of Deborah Estrin at UCLA - Smartphone-based sensing - Data posted to the cloud by users - Feedback helps user - Ex: Noisetub, in Paris Monitoring noise pollution 2 9
30 Xively, an Online Platform for the IoT - Formerly Cosm and Pachube - Stores and shows sensing data - Allows users to set triggers - Supports applications - Visualize from your Computer, phone, tablet Some other existing platforms: sen.se, evrythng, thingsquare, 3 0
31 SicsthSense: an Open Sensor Cloud Platform - Connect Contiki, other sensors, smartphones, internet services - Perform in-cloud management, processing and triggering - Dumb devices, smartness in the cloud! - It s open Open source (BSD) Freely usable at sense.sics.se 3 1
32 - Devices may post or be polled - Both HTTP and CoAP, soon XMPP - Manage access rights - Organize your resources as a drive More on SicsthSense - Feel free to start using J 3 2
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