Determining IP Routes. 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. 9-1

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1 Determining IP Routes, Cisco Systems, Inc. 9-

2 Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to complete the following tasks: Distinguish the use and operation of static and dynamic routes Configure and verify a static route Identify how distance vector IP routing protocols such as RIP and IGRP operate on Cisco routers Enable Routing Information Protocol (RIP) Enable Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) Verify IP routing with show and debug commands, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v.a 9-

3 What is Routing? To route, a router needs to know: Destination addresses Sources it can learn from Possible routes Best route Maintain and verify routing information, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v.a 9-3

4 What is Routing? (cont.) E Network Protocol Destination Network Exit Interface Connected Learned E Routed Protocol: IP Routers must learn destinations that are not directly connected, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v.a 9-4

5 Identifying Static and Dynamic Routes Static Route Uses a route that a network administrator enters into the router manually Dynamic Route Uses a route that a network routing protocol adjusts automatically for topology or traffic changes, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v.a 9-5

6 Static Routes Stub Network Network A SO B Configure unidirectional static routes to and from a stub network to allow communications to occur., Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v.a 9-6

7 Static Route Configuration Router(config)#ip route network [mask] {address interface}[distance] [permanent] Defines a path to an IP destination network or subnet, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v.a 9-7

8 Static Route Example Stub Network Network... A SO B ip route This is a unidirectional route. You must have a route configured in the opposite direction., Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v.a 9-8

9 Default Routes Stub Network Network... A SO B ip route This route allows the stub network to reach all known networks beyond router A., Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v.a 9-9

10 What is a Routing Protocol? Routing protocols are used between routers to determine paths and maintain routing tables. Once the path is determined a router can route a routed protocol. E Network Protocol Connected RIP IGRP Destination Network Exit Interface E S Routed Protocol: IP Routing protocol: RIP, IGRP , Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v.a 9-

11 Autonomous Systems: Interior or Exterior Routing Protocols IGPs: RIP, IGRP EGPs: BGP Autonomous System Autonomous System An autonomous system is a collection of networks under a common administrative domain IGPs operate within an autonomous system EGPs connect different autonomous systems, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v.a 9-

12 Administrative Distance: Ranking Routes I need to send a packet to Network E. Both router B and C will get it there. Which route is best? IGRP Administrative Distance= Router A Router B RIP Administrative Distance= Router C Router D E, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v.a 9-

13 Classes of Routing Protocols Distance Vector C B A D Hybrid Routing C B A Link State D, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v.a 9-3

14 Distance Vector Routing Protocols B C A Distance How far Vector In which direction D D C B A Routing Table Routing Table Routing Table Routing Table Pass periodic copies of routing table to neighbor routers and accumulate distance vectors, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v.a 9-4

15 Distance Vector Sources of Information and Discovering Routes A B C E S E E S E Routers discover the best path to destinations from each neighbor, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v.a 9-5

16 Distance Vector Sources of Information and Discovering Routes A B C E S E E S S E... Routers discover the best path to destinations from each neighbor, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v.a 9-6

17 Distance Vector Sources of Information and Discovering Routes A B C E S E E S S E Routers discover the best path to destinations from each neighbor, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v.a 9-7

18 Distance Vector Selecting Best Route with Metrics A IGRP RIP Hop count T Bandwidth Delay Load Reliability IPX MTU Ticks, hop count T B Information used to select the best path for routing, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v.a 9-8

19 Do not delete, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v.a 9-9

20 Distance Vector Maintaining Routing Information Process to update this routing table A Topology change causes routing table update Updates proceed step-by-step from router to router, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v.a 9-

21 Distance Vector Maintaining Routing Information Process to update this routing table Router A sends out this updated routing table after the next period expires A Topology change causes routing table update Updates proceed step-by-step from router to router, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v.a 9-

22 Distance Vector Maintaining Routing Information Process to update this routing table Process to update this routing table B Router A sends out this updated routing table after the next period expires A Topology change causes routing table update Updates proceed step-by-step from router to router, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v.a 9-

23 Maintaining Routing Information Problem Routing Loops A B C E S E... E S S E Each node maintains the distance from itself to each possible destination network, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v.a 9-3

24 Maintaining Routing Information Problem Routing Loops A B C E S E X... E S S E Down Slow convergence produces inconsistent routing, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v.a 9-4

25 Maintaining Routing Information Problem Routing Loops A B C E S E X... E S S S Router C concludes that the best path to network.4.. is through Router B, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v.a 9-5

26 Maintaining Routing Information Problem Routing Loops A B C E S E X E S S Router A updates its table to reflect the new but erroneous hop count, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v.a 9-6

27 Symptom: Counting to Infinity A B C E S E X E S S Packets for network.4.. bounce between routers A, B, and C Hop count for network.4.. counts to infinity, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v.a 9-7

28 Solution: Defining a Maximum A B C E S E X E S S Define a limit on the number of hops to prevent infinite loops, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v.a 9-8

29 Solution: Split Horizon X E A B S C E X X E S S E It is never useful to send information about a route back in the direction from which the original packet came, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v.a 9-9

30 Solution: Route Poisoning A B C E S E X... E S S E Infinity Routers set the distance of routes that have gone down to infinity, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v.a 9-3

31 Solution: Poison Reverse A B C E S E X Poison Reverse... E S S E Possibly Down Infinity Poison Reverse overrides split horizon, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v.a 9-3

32 Solution: Hold-Down Timers Update after hold-down Time Network.4.. is unreachable A B C E S E X Update after hold-down Time Network.4.. is down then back up then back down Router keeps an entry for the network possibly down state, allowing time for other routers to recompute for this topology change, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v.a 9-3

33 Solution: Triggered Updates Network.4.. is unreachable Network.4.. is unreachable Network.4.. is unreachable A B C E S E X Router sends updates when a change in its routing table occurs, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v.a 9-33

34 Implementing Solutions in Multiple Routes, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v.a 9-34

35 Implementing Solutions in Multiple Routes (cont.), Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v.a 9-35

36 Implementing Solutions in Multiple Routes (cont.), Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v.a 9-36

37 Implementing Solutions in Multiple Routes (cont.), Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v.a 9-37

38 Implementing Solutions in Multiple Routes (cont.), Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v.a 9-38

39 Link-State Routing Protocols, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v.a 9-39

40 Hybrid Routing Choose a routing path based on distance vectors Balanced Hybrid Routing Converge rapidly using change-based updates Share attributes of both distance-vector and link-state routing, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v.a 9-4

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