IP Multicast. What is multicast?

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1 IP Multicast 1 What is multicast? IP(v4) allows a host to send packets to a single host (unicast), or to all hosts (broadcast). Multicast allows a host to send packets to a subset of all host called a group. One-to-many. Reduce traffic. Applications that take advantage of multicast include Audio/video streaming Distance learning Software distribution Stock quotes, news, etc. 2

2 However, Multicast imposts additional management overhead. Require additional protocol(s). It requires new forwarding paradigm in routers, and special routing protocols. Scalability issues? Each multicast address is equivalent to /32 that needs its own entry in every router. Security issues? How can ones join a group? 5 IP Multicast Proposed by Stephen Deering. It is his doctoral dissertation. Documented in RFC 1112 Included in STD 5 (the IP standard), so it is an Internet standard protocol. But, it is not in IPv4 host/router requirements. So, not all hosts can do multicast. Transmit IP datagrams to a host group. A set of zero or more hosts, identified by a single IP destination address. Datagrams are delivered to all members using the IP best-effort service. 6

3 Group and Memberships A host may join or leave at any time. No restriction on the location or number of members in a host group. A host may be a member of more than one group at a time. A host need not to be a member of a group to send datagrams to it. 7 Multicast Addressing A host group address are identified by a class-d IP address. 4 bits 28 bits 1110 Multicast Group ID Permanent multicast addresses reserved all hosts in this subnet all routers in this subnet See: cast-addresses 8 Multicast and IEEE 802 MAC IANA has reserved a range of IEEE 802 MAC addresses for multicast: 23-bit address space 10:00:5E:00:00:00 10:00:5E:7F:FF:FF An IP host group address can be mapped to an IEEE 802 MAC address mapping 23 low-order bits 4 bits 28 bits 1110 Multicast Group ID. 24 bits 23 bits 10:00:5E 0 9

4 Internet Group Management Protocol IGMP is used to manage group membership Version 1 is documented in RFC 1112 (1989) Query, Report, Join, Leave, etc. Version 2 is documented in RFC 2236 (1997) Low leave latency reduce time it takes for a multicast router to learns that there are no member in a particular group Version 3 is documented in RFC 3376 (2002) Source filtering required to support source-specific multicast (SSM). Interestingly, IGMP protocol identifier is IGMP Frame Format 4 bits 4 bits 8 bits 16 bits Ver. Type Unused Checksum Group Address Version (4): IGMP Version Type (4): Message Type 1: Host Membership Query 2: Host Membership Report Checksum (16) Group Address (32) 11 IGMPv2 Frame Format 8 bits 8 bits 16 bits Type Max. Resp Group Address Checksum Type (8): 0x11: Membership Query 0x12: Membership Report (v.1) 0x16: Membership Report (v.2) 0x17: Leave Group Max. Response Time (8): max. allowed time before sending a responding report in unit of 1/10 sec., used in query 12

5 IGMPv3 Membership Query 8 bits 8 bits 16 bits 0x11 Max.Resp Checksum Group Address Resv S QRV QQIC No. of Sources Source Address [1] Source Address [2]... Source Address [n] 13 (cont.) Max. Response Code (8): If Max Resp Code < 128, Max Resp Time = Max Resp Code If Max Resp Code >= 128, the code represents a floating-point value: 1 exp mant Max Resp Time = (mant 0x10) << (exp + 3) Resv (4): reserved S (1): suppress router-side processing Set to suppress normal timer update 14 (cont.) Querier's Robustness Variable (3): tuning for the expected packet loss on a network. If a network is expected to be lossy, the value may be increased. Must not be 0, should not be 1, default is 2. Querier's Query Interval Code (8): QQI in units of sec., same interpretation as Max Resp Code. Number of sources (16): specify how many source addresses are present in the query. Zero: general group query. Non-zero: group and source-specific query. The number is limited by the MTU of the network over which the query is transmitted. 15

6 IGMPv3 Membership Report 8 bits 8 bits 16 bits 0x22 Reserve Reserve Checksum No. of Group Records Group Record [1] Group Record [2]... Group Record [m] 16 Group Record 8 bits 8 bits 16 bits Record Type Aux Data Len No. of Sources Multicast Address Source Address [1] Source Address [2]... Source Address [n] Auxiliary Data 17 How to use IGMP? Action Message Destination Group Field Query Membership Query Group Group Response Membership Report Group Group Join Membership Report Group Group Leave Leave Report All routers All routers Find all groups Membership Query All systems

7 Multicast and L2 Switches L2 switches are designed to limit broadcast by switching traffic from one port to another. By default, L2 switch forwards the multicast traffic to all ports. So, the efficiency of the switch is reduced. Cisco introduces Cisco Group Management Protocol (CGMP) to solve the problem. Forward multicast traffic only to ports that are attached to interested receivers. Cooperate with Cisco (multicast-capable) router. 19 IGMP Snooping L2 switch must be able to snoop some L3 packets (IGMP join/leave). When it hears IGMP join, it adds the host port number to the associated multicast table entry. Because IGMP join/leave messages are also multicast packets, so the L2 switch must examine all multicast packets to determine whether they are IGMP join/leave. Performance problem. Most hi-end L2 switches use ASICs to do the job. 21

8 Router-port Group Management Protocol CGMP and IGMP snooping requires to listen to IGMP messages that send between a host and a router through a switch. What if there is no host, e.g., a backbone router-torouter network? Routers, usually, uses PIM messages to join and prune multicast flows. After sending PIM (to a source router) to join a group, the destination router sends RGMP join to the switch. The switch will forward multicast flow only to the interested router ports. 22 Multicast Routing Algorithms Again, routing algorithms compute paths within the whole network. For multicast, it is not a path, but a tree. Source-based Trees rooted at the source. Flooding Spanning Trees Reverse-Path Broadcasting Truncated Reverse-Path Broadcasting Reverse-Path Forwarding Reverse-Path Multicasting Shared Trees rooted at a rendezvous point. Steiner Trees Core-based Trees 24

9 Flooding Used in OSPF. When a router receives a multicast packet, it determines whether the packet has already been forwarded. If yes, discard. If no, broadcast to all interfaces, except the one the packet has been received. All routers will receive at least one copy of the multicast packet. 25 (cont.) Simple, but not very efficient Generate a large number of duplicated packets. Require a large memory to track packets. 27

10 Spanning Trees Used in IEEE 802 MAC bridge. To compute a tree such that there is only one active path between any two routers. When a router receives a multicast packet, it forwards the packet through the interfaces that belong to the spanning tree, except one on which the packet has been received. 28 (cont.) Drawbacks? Workloads are centralized. It uses only links in the spanning tree. The spanning tree algorithm does not consider group memberships. 30

11 Reverse-Path Broadcasting A modified version of the spanning tree. Let l be the link the router receives a multicast packet from the source s, the router checks if l belongs to the shortest path toward s. If so, the multicast packet is broadcasted to all interfaces, except the one attached to l. Otherwise, discard the packet. Multiple senders in a group implies different distribution trees. 31 (cont.) Broadcast is not good! Why do we have to broadcast the packets to routers with no client? 33

12 Truncated RPB Relief (not completely solve) the broadcast problem of RPB. Use IGMP messages to learn client's location. If no client attached to a downstream router, truncate. 34 Reverse-Path Forwarding Similar to the RPB, but forward, not broadcast. Let l be the link the router receives a multicast packet from the source s, the router checks if l belongs to the shortest path toward s. If so, the multicast packet is forwarded to every interface leading to each destination, except the one attached to l. Otherwise, discard the packet. 36

13 (cont.) Implications. Different tree for each source. If links are bidirectional and symmetric, tree is the shortest path from source to destination. Better network utilization. 38 Reverse-Path Multicasting a.k.a RPB with Prunes. Prune unnecessary branches of the tree. If there is no member attached, the router sends a message toward the upstream indicating that it does not want to receive the traffic. Prunning may be done recursively. If an upstream router receives 'prune' message and realize that there is no members downstream. 39

14 (cont.) Scalability? Topology and group members can be changed. Prune state must be refreshed periodically. Each router must maintain a prune-state table. If there are many multicast groups, then a large amount of memory is required. Refresh interval Too short higher network/processing overhead Too long bad responsiveness 41 Steiner Trees Source-based Tree is good basically because it provides the shortest path from the source to each member. But, shortest paths imply lowest network resources? In case the network resources considered are links, to minimize the resources is to find the Steiner tree. The Steiner tree of some subset of the vertices of a graph G is a minimum-weight connected subgraph of G that includes all the vertices. The determination of Steiner tree is NP-complete. It is NP-hard even to approximate. 42

15 Core-Based Trees CBT generates a single tree for a multicast group, regardless of the source(s). A router or group of routers forms the core of delivery tree. Multicast packets are forward unicastly from the source to the core. The core is responsible to forward multicast packets to all members in the group. 43 (cont.) Good Scalable to the number of sources. Good for applications such that many or even all members are also a source. e.g., video/audio conference. Bad The tree is likely sub-optimal. The optimal would be the steiner tree. Potentially slower Traffic concentration near core routers. 45

16 Density Perspective Dense Mode Plentiful of bandwidth Receivers are densely distributed. Assume membership, require corrections Sparse Mode Bandwidth expensive Receivers are spasely distributed. Assume non-membership, require joins 46 Multicast Routing Protocols Intradomain Multicast Routing Protocols Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol Multicast Extension for OSPF Protocol-Independent Multicast Sparse Mode Dense Mode Bidirectional Interdomain Multicast Routing Protocols Multiprotocol BGP Multicast Source Discovery Protocol PIM-Source-Specific Multicast 47 Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol RFC 1075 Distance-vector approach Exchange distances to build a routing table with multicast group. Source-based tree Reverse-Path Multicasting So, the routing table contains the previous hop back to the source. Support IP-IP tunneling across unicast networks 48

17 Multicast Extension for OSPF RFC 1584 Link-state approach The shortest-path tree rooted at the source can be computed on-demand using data from the link-state database. Imply explicit joins 49 Protocol Independent Multicast Protocol Independent means that PIM does not include its own topology discovery mechanism, but uses routing information supplied by traditional routing protocols. Static, OSPF, EIGRP, BGP... Use unicast routing table to check reverse paths Interestingly, PIM exchanges nothing among routers. There are four variants of PIM PIM Dense Mode (PIM-DM) PIM Sparse Mode (PIM-SM) Bidirectional PIM (BIDIR-PIM) PIM Source Specific Multicast (PIM-SSM) 50 PIM-Dense Mode RFC 3973 A push model, good if there are active members in every subnets in the network. Source-based tree Reverse-Path Multicasting Refresh every 3 minutes. 51

18 PIM-Sparse Mode RFC 2362 A pull model, explicit joins are required. Distributes active members on the shared tree Imply rendezvous points (RP) that must be administratively configured in the network. Source registers with the RP Edge routers learn about the source when they receives multicast packets on the shared tree from that source through the RP. Each edge router compares reverse paths to the source and the RP, and joins, unicastly, toward the shorter one. 52 (cont.) Dynamically switch to source-base tree. If the share tree is not an optimal path between the source and a member. 53

19 Bidirectional PIM ID draft-ietf-pim-bidir-08 An enhancement of PIM for many-to-many communications. Scale well to the number of sources. Traffic is routed within bidirectional shared tree that is rooted at the RP. No source registration. 56 Multiprotocol BGP RFC 2283 MBGP provides a method which route prefixes they will use to perform multicast reverse path checks. Introduce two optional attributes in BGP4: MP_REACH_NLRI is used to carry the set of reachable destinations with the next hop. MP_UNREACH_NLRI is used to carry the set of unreachable destinations. This allows to carry two set of routing information, one for unicast routing, and another for multicast routing. MBGP does not build trees. 57

20 Multicast Source Discovery Protocol RFC 3618 PIM-SM, it is possible to configure multiple RPs and create multiple PIM domains. But, RPs have no way to know sources located in other domains. MSDP provides mechanisms to share information about active sources. RPs will be able to forward multicast traffic from sources in other domains to members in the local domain. 58 (cont.) RPs in each domain establishes an MSDP peering session using TCP with RPs in the other domains. MSDP allows administrators to selectively forward multicast traffic between domains or block particular groups or sources. 59

21 PIM-Source-Specific Multicast RFC 3569 SSM is an extension of PIM for many-to-many communications. IANA allocates /8 for SSM. A member must joins a particular source (or sources) instead of a multicast group. IGMPv3 is required. A member receives multicast packets directly from the source rather than the shared RPs. Eliminate MSDP and RPs. A network does not need to determine the source. Access control is possible. 61 The Multicast Backbone (MBone) An experimental backbone for multicasting established in An overlay network. Tunneling Applications Multimedia conference control Session directory Visual audio tools Video conference tool Whiteboard Internet2 has made MBone obsolete. 62 In the Real World Cisco routers/switches support a number of multicast routing protocols. IGMP, PIM,... Proprietary Microsoft Windows 2000/XP can send and receive multicast packets. Linux/FreeBSD is capable to route multicast packet as well. Included in the kernel, see kernel config. HOWTO: Multicast over TCP/IP HOWTO. Mrouted MiniHOWTO. 63

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