Course 6. Internetworking Routing 1/33
|
|
- Flora Ward
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Course 6 Internetworking Routing 1/33
2 Routing The main function of the network layer is routing packets from the source machine to the destination machine. Along the way, at least one intermediate node typically is encountered Difference between routing and bridging Bridging occurs at Layer 2 (the link layer) of the OSI model Routing occurs at Layer 3 (the network layer). This distinction provides routing and bridging with different information to use in the process of moving information, so different ways of accomplishment. The routing algorithm is that part of the network layer software responsible for deciding which output line an incoming line packet should be transmitted on. This decision is done: for each packet in case of Connectionless packet switching for ex. In datagram networks once per session for Connection Oriented service. 2/33
3 two basic activities: Routing components determining optimal routing paths transporting information groups (typically called packets) through an internetwork, using a variety of protocols and data structures (known as routing tables)- referred to as packet switching Having acquired a router s address by some means, the source host sends a packet addressed specifically to a router s physical address (Media Access Control [MAC]-layer), together with the protocol address (network layer) of the destination host. 3/33
4 Numerous Routers May Come into Play During the Switching Process 4/33
5 Routing in a datagram network. Two packets of the same user pair can travel along different routes. A routing decision is required for each individual packet. 5/33
6 Contrary to the bridges, a router MUST be configured. Routers must know the networks on which they are connected and Next Hop (NH) router address on which they can forward packets. The connected prefixes MUST be entered manually, prefixes and NEXT HOP can be entered manually for static routing learned from other routers in dynamic routing protocols. In this case routers can detect failures or news of neighbors and modify routing tables. 6/33
7 Connectionless Internetworking The internet protocol (IP) was developed as part of the DARPA internet project. Later the IS0 connectionless network protocol (CLNP) was standardized. The functionality of IP and CLNP is very similar; they differ in the formats used and in some minor functional features. The narrative in this section applies to both IP and CLNP. IP provides a connectionless, or datagram, service between end systems. 7/33
8 Operation of a Connectionless Internetworking Scheme Advantages of connectionless approach: A connectionless internet facility is flexible. It can deal with a variety of networks, some of which are themselves connectionless. In essence, IP requires very little from the constituent networks. A connectionless internet service can be made highly robust. This is basically the same argument made for a datagram network service versus a virtual circuit service. A connectionless internet service is best for connectionless transport protocols. 8/33
9 Next figure depicts a typical example of IP, in which two LANs are interconnected by an X.25 packet-switched WAN. The end systems and routers must all share a common internet protocol. In addition, the end systems must share the same protocols above IP. The intermediate routers need only implement up through IP. 9/33
10 The operation of the internet protocol for data exchange between host A on one LAN (subnetwork 1) and host B on another departmental LAN (subnetwork 2) through the WAN. 10/33
11 The IP at A receives blocks of data to be sent to B from the higher layers of software in A. IP attaches a header specifying, among other things, the global internet address of B. That address is logically in two parts: network identifier and end system identifier. The result is called an internet-protocol data unit, or simply a datagram. The datagram is then encapsulated with the LAN protocol and sent to the router, which strips off the LAN fields to read the IP header. The router then encapsulates the datagram with the X.25 protocol fields and transmits it across the WAN to another router. This router strips off the X.25 fields and recovers the datagram, which it then wraps in LAN fields appropriate to LAN 2 and sends it to B. 11/33
12 In more detail pa End system A has a datagram to transmit to end system B; the datagram includes the internet address of B. The IP module in A recognizes that the destination (B) is on another subnetwork. So, the first step is to send the data to a router X. IP passes the datagram down to the next lower layer (LLC) with instructions to send it to router X. LLC passes this information down to the MAC layer, which inserts the MAC-level address of router X into the MAC header. The data block transmitted onto LAN 1 includes data from a layer or layers above TCP. plus a TCP header, an IP header, and LLC header, and a MAC header and trailer. Next, the packet travels through subnetwork 1 to router X. The router removes MAC and LLC fields and analyzes the IP header to determine the ultimate destination of the data, in this case B. The router must now make a routing decision. 12/33
13 There are three possibilities: 1. The destination station Y is connected directly to one of the subnetworks to which the router is attached. In this case, the router sends the datagram directly to the destination. 2. To reach the destination, one or more additional routers must be traversed. In this case, a routing decision must be made: In both cases, the IP module in the router sends the datagram down to the next lower layer with the destination subnetwork address. 3. The router does not know the destination address. In this case, the router returns an error message to the source of the datagram. 13/33
14 In this example, the data must pass through router Y before reaching the destination. Router X, then, constructs a new packet by appending an X.25 header, containing the address of router Y, to the IP data unit. When this packet arrives at router Y, the packet header is stripped off. The router determines that this IP data unit is destined for B, which is connected directly to a network to which this router is attached. The router therefore creates a frame with a destination address of B and sends it out onto LAN 2. The data finally arrive at B, where the LAN and IP headers can be stripped off. 14/33
15 At each router, before the data can be forwarded, the router may need to segment the data unit to accommodate a smaller maximum packet-size limitation on the outgoing network. The data unit is split into two or more segments, each becoming an independent IP data unit. Each new data unit is wrapped in a lower-layer packet and queued for transmission. The router may also limit the length of its queue for each network to which it attaches so as to avoid having a slow network penalize a faster one. Once the queue limit is reached, additional data units are simply dropped 15/33
16 The process described above continues through as many routers as it takes for the data unit to reach its destination. The destination end system recovers the IP data unit from its network wrapping. If segmentation has occurred, the IP module in the destination end system buffers the incoming data until the entire original data field can be reassembled. This block of data is then passed to a higher layer in the end system. This service offered by the internet protocol is an unreliable one. The IP does not guarantee that all data will be delivered or that the data that are delivered will arrive in the proper order. It is the responsibility of the next higher layer (e.g., TCP) to recover from any errors that occur. 16/33
17 each unit of data is passed from router to router from source to destination. Because delivery is not guaranteed- no particular reliability requirement on subnetworks. IP works with any combination of subnetwork types. Since the sequence of delivery is not guaranteed, successive data units can follow different paths through the internet; this allows the protocol to react to both congestion and failure in the internet by changing routes. 17/33
18 Routing and performance measures Two main perfomance measures that are substantially affected by the routing: algorithm-throughput (quantity of service) average packet delay (quality of service). Routing interacts with flow control in detemining these perfomance measures by means of a feedback mechanism shown in figure below. 18/33
19 Interaction of routing and flow control. As good routing keeps delay low, flow control allows more traffic into the network. 19/33
20 When the traffic load offered by the external sites to the subnet is relatively low, it will be fully accepted into the network throughput = offered load When the offered load is excessive, a portion will be rejected by the flow control algorithm throughput = offered load - rejected load The traffic accepted into the network will experience an average delay per packet that depend on the chosen routes Throughput is greatly affected (if only indirectly) by the routing algorithm because typical flow control schemes operate on the basis of striking a balance between throughput and delay (i.e., they start rejecting offered load when delay starts getting excessive). As the routing algorithm is more successful in keeping delay low, the flow control algorithm allows more traffic into the network. 20/33
21 E.g. All links have a capacity of 10 units. If all traffic is routed through the middle link (4,6), congestion occurs. If, instead, paths (I --> 3 --> 6) and (2 --> 5 --> 6) are used, the average delay is small. 21/33
22 Delay-throughput operating curves for good and bad routing The effect of good routing is to increase throughput/or the same value of average delay per packet under high offered load conditions and to decrease average delay per packet under low and moderate offered load conditions. 22/33
23 Performance Criteria The simplest criterion is to choose the minimum-hop route (one that passes through the least number of nodes) through the network- should minimize the consumption of network resources shortest path routing A generalization of the minimum-hop criterion is least-cost routing. A cost is associated with each link and for any pair of attached stations, the route through the network that accumulates the least cost is followed. 23/33
24 Example packet-switched network - the two arrowed lines between a pair of nodes represent a link between this nodes and the corresponding numbers represent the current link cost in each direction. The shortest path (fewest hops) from node 1 to node 6 is (cost = = 10), but the least-cost path is (cost = = 4). 24/33
25 Costs are assigned to links to support one or more design objectives. For example, the cost could be: - inversely related to the data rate (i.e., the higher the data rate on a link, the lower the assigned cost) -the least-cost route -> the highest throughput - inversely related to the current queuing delay on the link - the least-cost route should minimize delay. In either the minimum-hop or least-cost approach, the algorithm for determining the optimum route for any pair of stations is relatively straightforward and the processing time is about the same The least-cost criterion is more flexible, it is more common than the minimum-hop criterion. 25/33
26 Decision Time and Place The decision time and decision place are independent design variables. Decision time is determined by the operation mode. When the internal operation of the network is datagram, a routing decision is made individually for each packet. For internal virtual- circuit operation, a routing decision is made at the time the virtual circuit is established. In the simplest case, all subsequent packets using that virtual circuit follow the same route. In more sophisticated network designs, the network may dynamically change the route assigned to a particular virtual circuit in response to changing conditions (e.g., overload or failure of a portion of the network). 26/33
27 Decision place refers to which node or nodes in the network are responsible for the routing decision. Most common is distributed routing, each node selects output link for routing packets as they arrive. It is perhaps more complex, but is also more robust. For centralized routing, the decision is made by a some designated node, network control center. The danger is that the loss of the network control center may block operation of the network. Source routing -the routing decision is made by the source station and is then communicated to the network; this allows the user to dictate a route that meets his criteria. 27/33
28 For example, in the previous figure, the costs may change. If a packet is to be delivered from node 1 to node 6, it might follow the route , with each leg of the route determined locally by the transmitting node. Now let the values change such that is no longer the optimum route. In a datagram network, the next packet may follow a different route, again determined by each node along the way. In a virtual-circuit network, each node will remember the routing decision that was made when the virtual circuit was established, and will simply pass on the packets without making a new decision. 28/33
29 Routing Techniques Routing requires a router to have a routing table. Several techniques are employed to make the size of the routing table manageable and handle issues such as security. NEXT-HOP ROUTING NETWORK-SPECIFIC ROUTING HOST-SPECIFIC ROUTING NEXT-HOP ROUTING the routing table only holds the information that leads to the next hop instead of holding the complete information 29/33
30 NETWORK-SPECIFIC ROUTING instead of having an entry for every host connected to the same physical network, we have only one entry to define the address of the network itself. all hosts connected to the same network treated as one single entity. HOST-SPECIFIC ROUTING the destination address of the host is given in the routing table. This concept is opposite to the Network-specific routing technique -leads to loss of efficiency. method is used for specific purposes such as checking the route or providing security measures. 30/33
31 Path Determination routing algorithms (RA) initialize and maintain routing tables, which contain route information. Route information varies depending on the RA Destination/next hop associations tell a router that a particular destination can be reached optimally by sending the packet to a particular router representing the next hop on the way to the final destination When a router receives an incoming packet, it checks the destination address and attempts to associate this address with a next hop. 31/33
32 Destination/Next Hop Associations Determine the Data s Optimal Path 32/33
33 Routing tables also can contain other information, such as data about the desirability of a path. Routers compare metrics to determine optimal routes depending on the RA design. Routers communicate with one another and maintain their routing tables through messages, as e.g: -routing update message consists all or a portion of a routing table. By analyzing routing updates from all other routers, a router can build a detailed picture of network topology. - link-state advertisement informs other routers of the state of the sender s links. Link information also can be used to build a complete picture of network topology to enable routers to determine optimal routes to network destinations. 33/33
Routing Basics. What is Routing? Routing Components. Path Determination CHAPTER
CHAPTER 5 Routing Basics This chapter introduces the underlying concepts widely used in routing protocols Topics summarized here include routing protocol components and algorithms In addition, the role
More informationIntroduction to Internetworking
Introduction to Internetworking Introductory terms Communications Network Facility that provides data transfer services An internet Collection of communications networks interconnected by bridges and/or
More informationInternetwork Protocols
Internetwork Protocols Background to IP IP, and related protocols Internetworking Terms (1) Communications Network Facility that provides data transfer service An internet Collection of communications
More informationRouting in packet-switching networks
Routing in packet-switching networks Circuit switching vs. Packet switching Most of WANs based on circuit or packet switching Circuit switching designed for voice Resources dedicated to a particular call
More informationThe OSI Model. Open Systems Interconnection (OSI). Developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
Network Models The OSI Model Open Systems Interconnection (OSI). Developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Model for understanding and developing computer-to-computer communication
More informationCH : 15 LOCAL AREA NETWORK OVERVIEW
CH : 15 LOCAL AREA NETWORK OVERVIEW P. 447 LAN (Local Area Network) A LAN consists of a shared transmission medium and a set of hardware and software for interfacing devices to the medium and regulating
More informationEEC-484/584 Computer Networks
EEC-484/584 Computer Networks Lecture 13 wenbing@ieee.org (Lecture nodes are based on materials supplied by Dr. Louise Moser at UCSB and Prentice-Hall) Outline 2 Review of lecture 12 Routing Congestion
More informationLecture (08, 09) Routing in Switched Networks
Agenda Lecture (08, 09) Routing in Switched Networks Dr. Ahmed ElShafee Routing protocols Fixed Flooding Random Adaptive ARPANET Routing Strategies ١ Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU Fall 2011, Networks I ٢ Dr.
More informationChapter 5 (Week 9) The Network Layer ANDREW S. TANENBAUM COMPUTER NETWORKS FOURTH EDITION PP BLM431 Computer Networks Dr.
Chapter 5 (Week 9) The Network Layer ANDREW S. TANENBAUM COMPUTER NETWORKS FOURTH EDITION PP. 343-396 1 5.1. NETWORK LAYER DESIGN ISSUES 5.2. ROUTING ALGORITHMS 5.3. CONGESTION CONTROL ALGORITHMS 5.4.
More information===================================================================== Exercises =====================================================================
===================================================================== Exercises ===================================================================== 1 Chapter 1 1) Design and describe an application-level
More informationChapter 3 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite
Chapter 3 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite 3.1 The Need for a Protocol Architecture need for a standard communication tasks by layers architecture peer protocol: a set of rules or conventions to exchange
More informationLayer 3: Network Layer. 9. Mar INF-3190: Switching and Routing
Layer 3: Network Layer 9. Mar. 2005 1 INF-3190: Switching and Routing Network Layer Goal Enable data transfer from end system to end system End systems Several hops, (heterogeneous) subnetworks Compensate
More informationET4254 Communications and Networking 1
Topic 9 Internet Protocols Aims:- basic protocol functions internetworking principles connectionless internetworking IP IPv6 IPSec 1 Protocol Functions have a small set of functions that form basis of
More informationChapter 6 Congestion Control and Resource Allocation
Chapter 6 Congestion Control and Resource Allocation Overview of Congestion Control and Resource Allocation Problem: How to effectively and fairly allocate resources among a collection of competing users?
More informationUNIT III NETWORK LAYER 1. What are the network support layers and the user support layers? Network support layers: The network support layers are Physical layer, Data link layer and Network layer. These
More informationWilliam Stallings Data and Computer Communications. Chapter 10 Packet Switching
William Stallings Data and Computer Communications Chapter 10 Packet Switching Principles Circuit switching designed for voice Resources dedicated to a particular call Much of the time a data connection
More informationLinux System Administration
IP Addressing Subnetting Objective At the conclusion of this module, the student will be able to: Describe how packets are routed from one network to another Describe the parts and classes of IPv4 address
More informationECE 333: Introduction to Communication Networks Fall 2001
ECE : Introduction to Communication Networks Fall 00 Lecture : Routing and Addressing I Introduction to Routing/Addressing Lectures 9- described the main components of point-to-point networks, i.e. multiplexed
More informationTCP/IP THE TCP/IP ARCHITECTURE
TCP/IP-1 The Internet Protocol (IP) enables communications across a vast and heterogeneous collection of networks that are based on different technologies. Any host computer that is connected to the Internet
More informationPosition of IP and other network-layer protocols in TCP/IP protocol suite
Position of IP and other network-layer protocols in TCP/IP protocol suite IPv4 is an unreliable datagram protocol a best-effort delivery service. The term best-effort means that IPv4 packets can be corrupted,
More informationThis Lecture. BUS Computer Facilities Network Management. Switching Network. Simple Switching Network
This Lecture BUS0 - Computer Facilities Network Management Switching networks Circuit switching Packet switching gram approach Virtual circuit approach Routing in switching networks Faculty of Information
More informationReview for Chapter 4 R1,R2,R3,R7,R10,R11,R16,R17,R19,R22,R24, R26,R30 P1,P2,P4,P7,P10,P11,P12,P14,P15,P16,P17,P22,P24,P29,P30
Review for Chapter 4 R1,R2,R3,R7,R10,R11,R16,R17,R19,R22,R24, R26,R30 P1,P2,P4,P7,P10,P11,P12,P14,P15,P16,P17,P22,P24,P29,P30 R1. Let s review some of the terminology used in this textbook. Recall that
More informationCN1047 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKING CHAPTER 5 OSI MODEL NETWORK LAYER
CN1047 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKING CHAPTER 5 OSI MODEL NETWORK LAYER Network Layer Network layer manages options pertaining to host and network addressing, managing subnetworks, and internetworking.
More informationSEN366 (SEN374) (Introduction to) Computer Networks
SEN366 (SEN374) (Introduction to) Computer Networks Prof. Dr. Hasan Hüseyin BALIK (12 th Week) The Internet Protocol 12.Outline Principles of Internetworking Internet Protocol Operation Internet Protocol
More informationInternet Protocols (chapter 18)
Internet Protocols (chapter 18) CSE 3213 Fall 2011 Internetworking Terms 1 TCP/IP Concepts Connectionless Operation Internetworking involves connectionless operation at the level of the Internet Protocol
More informationLecture 2. Computer Networks Models. Network Models 1-1
Lecture 2 Computer Networks Models Network Models 1-1 Agenda Introduction to the Internet Reference Models for Computer Networks The OSI Model The TCP/IP Model Network Models 1-2 Announcements Bonus -
More informationIP - The Internet Protocol. Based on the slides of Dr. Jorg Liebeherr, University of Virginia
IP - The Internet Protocol Based on the slides of Dr. Jorg Liebeherr, University of Virginia Orientation IP (Internet Protocol) is a Network Layer Protocol. IP: The waist of the hourglass IP is the waist
More informationInternetworking Terms. Internet Structure. Internet Structure. Chapter 15&16 Internetworking. Internetwork Structure & Terms
Chapter 15&16 Internetworking Internetwork Structure & Terms Internetworking Architecture Features Connection/Connectionless Architecture Fragmentation & Reassembly Internet Protocol & Services Addressing
More informationIntroduction. The fundamental purpose of data communications is to exchange information between user's computers, terminals and applications programs.
Introduction The fundamental purpose of data communications is to exchange information between user's computers, terminals and applications programs. Simplified Communications System Block Diagram Intro-1
More informationInformation About Routing
19 CHAPTER This chapter describes underlying concepts of how routing behaves within the adaptive security appliance, and the routing protocols that are supported. The chapter includes the following sections:,
More informationRouting. Information Networks p.1/35
Routing Routing is done by the network layer protocol to guide packets through the communication subnet to their destinations The time when routing decisions are made depends on whether we are using virtual
More informationWide area networks: packet switching and congestion
Wide area networks: packet switching and congestion Packet switching ATM and Frame Relay Congestion Circuit and Packet Switching Circuit switching designed for voice Resources dedicated to a particular
More informationThe Internet. The Internet is an interconnected collection of netw orks.
The Internet The Internet is an interconnected collection of netw orks. Internetw orking-1 Internetworking! Communications Network: A facility that provides a data transfer service among stations attached
More informationII. Principles of Computer Communications Network and Transport Layer
II. Principles of Computer Communications Network and Transport Layer A. Internet Protocol (IP) IPv4 Header An IP datagram consists of a header part and a text part. The header has a 20-byte fixed part
More informationData and Computer Communications. Chapter 2 Protocol Architecture, TCP/IP, and Internet-Based Applications
Data and Computer Communications Chapter 2 Protocol Architecture, TCP/IP, and Internet-Based s 1 Need For Protocol Architecture data exchange can involve complex procedures better if task broken into subtasks
More informationETSF05/ETSF10 Internet Protocols Network Layer Protocols
ETSF05/ETSF10 Internet Protocols Network Layer Protocols 2016 Jens Andersson Agenda Internetworking IPv4/IPv6 Framentation/Reassembly ICMPv4/ICMPv6 IPv4 to IPv6 transition VPN/Ipsec NAT (Network Address
More informationFairness Example: high priority for nearby stations Optimality Efficiency overhead
Routing Requirements: Correctness Simplicity Robustness Under localized failures and overloads Stability React too slow or too fast Fairness Example: high priority for nearby stations Optimality Efficiency
More informationCCNA Guide to Cisco Networking, Third Edition
Review Questions 1. Which of the following best describes the Presentation layer? b. Translates, encrypts, or prepares data from the Application layer for network transmission c. Handles routing information
More informationChapter 2 - Part 1. The TCP/IP Protocol: The Language of the Internet
Chapter 2 - Part 1 The TCP/IP Protocol: The Language of the Internet Protocols A protocol is a language or set of rules that two or more computers use to communicate 2 Protocol Analogy: Phone Call Parties
More informationLecture 7. Network Layer. Network Layer 1-1
Lecture 7 Network Layer Network Layer 1-1 Agenda Introduction to the Network Layer Network layer functions Service models Network layer connection and connectionless services Introduction to data routing
More informationRouting Overview. Information About Routing CHAPTER
21 CHAPTER This chapter describes underlying concepts of how routing behaves within the ASA, and the routing protocols that are supported. This chapter includes the following sections: Information About
More informationRouter Architecture Overview
Chapter 4: r Introduction (forwarding and routing) r Review of queueing theory r Router design and operation r IP: Internet Protocol m IPv4 (datagram format, addressing, ICMP, NAT) m Ipv6 r Generalized
More informationChapter -4 OSI Reference Model
Chapter -4 OSI Reference Model Objectives Concept of Reference Model. OSI Reference Model Concept. Layers of OSI Reference Model. 4.1 Introduction Layered Architecture, Peer-to- Peer Processes, Interfaces
More informationLocal Area Network Overview
Local Area Network Overview Chapter 15 CS420/520 Axel Krings Page 1 LAN Applications (1) Personal computer LANs Low cost Limited data rate Back end networks Interconnecting large systems (mainframes and
More informationUnit 5: Internet Protocols skong@itt-tech.edutech.edu Internet Protocols She occupied herself with studying a map on the opposite wall because she knew she would have to change trains at some point. Tottenham
More informationRevision of Previous Lectures
Lecture 15 Overview Last Lecture Local area networking This Lecture Wide area networking 1 Source: chapters 8.1-8.3, 17.1, 18.1, 18.2 Next Lecture Wide area networking 2 Source: Chapter 20 COSC244 Lecture
More informationCourse Routing Classification Properties Routing Protocols 1/39
Course 8 3. Routing Classification Properties Routing Protocols 1/39 Routing Algorithms Types Static versus dynamic Single-path versus multipath Flat versus hierarchical Host-intelligent versus router-intelligent
More informationChapter 7 Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) Kyung Hee University
Chapter 7 Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) 1 7.1 Introduction The transmission mechanism used by the TCP/IP Unreliable and connectionless datagram protocol Best-effort delivery service IP packets can
More informationCS519: Computer Networks. Lecture 2: Feb 2, 2004 IP (Internet Protocol)
: Computer Networks Lecture 2: Feb 2, 2004 IP (Internet Protocol) A hypothetical service You want a mail delivery service You have two choices: Acme Guaranteed Mail Delivery Service We never fail Rocko
More informationLecture 21. Reminders: Homework 6 due today, Programming Project 4 due on Thursday Questions? Current event: BGP router glitch on Nov.
Lecture 21 Reminders: Homework 6 due today, Programming Project 4 due on Thursday Questions? Current event: BGP router glitch on Nov. 7 http://money.cnn.com/2011/11/07/technology/juniper_internet_outage/
More informationICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)
ABSTRACT : ICMP stands for internet control message protocol it is a vital protocol of network layer among the seven layers of OSI(open system interconnection). Here we deal with the several situations
More informationPriority Traffic CSCD 433/533. Advanced Networks Spring Lecture 21 Congestion Control and Queuing Strategies
CSCD 433/533 Priority Traffic Advanced Networks Spring 2016 Lecture 21 Congestion Control and Queuing Strategies 1 Topics Congestion Control and Resource Allocation Flows Types of Mechanisms Evaluation
More informationTelecommunication Protocols Laboratory Course. Lecture 3
Telecommunication Protocols Laboratory Course Lecture 3 Course map Last time: we discussed protocols of the Medium Access Control (MAC) sub-layer Deal with broadcast channels and their (multi-party) protocols
More informationLAN Interconnection. different interconnecting devices, many approaches Vasile Dadarlat- Local Area Computer Networks
LAN Interconnection different interconnecting devices, many approaches 1 Need for ability to expand beyond single LAN; appears concept of Extended LAN, extending the number of attached stations and maximum
More informationAPPENDIX F THE TCP/IP PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE
APPENDIX F THE TCP/IP PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE William Stallings F.1 TCP/IP LAYERS... 2 F.2 TCP AND UDP... 4 F.3 OPERATION OF TCP/IP... 6 F.4 TCP/IP APPLICATIONS... 10 Copyright 2014 Supplement to Computer
More informationETSF05/ETSF10 Internet Protocols Routing on the Internet
ETSF05/ETSF10 Internet Protocols Routing on the Internet 2014, (ETSF05 Part 2), Lecture 1.1 Jens Andersson Circuit switched routing 2014 11 05 ETSF05/ETSF10 Internet Protocols 2 Packet switched Routing
More informationAppleTalk. Chapter Goals. Introduction CHAPTER
35 CHAPTER Chapter Goals Describe the development history of the protocol, used almost exclusively in Macintosh computers. Describe the components of networks and extended network. Discuss the primary
More informationBLM6196 COMPUTER NETWORKS AND COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS
BLM696 COMPUTER NETWORKS AND COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS Prof. Dr. Hasan Hüseyin BALIK (7 th Week) 7. Routing 7.Outline Routing in Packet-Switching Networks Examples: Routing in ARPANET Internet Routing Protocols
More informationIP Address Assignment
IP Address Assignment An IP address does not identify a specific computer. Instead, each IP address identifies a connection between a computer and a network. A computer with multiple network connections
More informationCN1047 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKING CHAPTER 6 OSI MODEL TRANSPORT LAYER
CN1047 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKING CHAPTER 6 OSI MODEL TRANSPORT LAYER Transport Layer The Transport layer ensures the reliable arrival of messages and provides error checking mechanisms and data
More informationRouting Overview for Firepower Threat Defense
Path Determination This chapter describes underlying concepts of how routing behaves within the Cisco Firepower Threat Defense, and the routing protocols that are supported. Routing is the act of moving
More informationOpen Systems Interconnection (OSI) Routing Protocol
CHAPTER 41 Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Protocol Background The International Organization for Standardization (O) developed a complete suite of routing protocols for use in the Open Systems Interconnection
More informationChapter Motivation For Internetworking
Chapter 17-20 Internetworking Part 1 (Concept, IP Addressing, IP Routing, IP Datagrams, Address Resolution 1 Motivation For Internetworking LANs Low cost Limited distance WANs High cost Unlimited distance
More informationUNIT IV -- TRANSPORT LAYER
UNIT IV -- TRANSPORT LAYER TABLE OF CONTENTS 4.1. Transport layer. 02 4.2. Reliable delivery service. 03 4.3. Congestion control. 05 4.4. Connection establishment.. 07 4.5. Flow control 09 4.6. Transmission
More information7010INT Data Communications Lecture 7 The Network Layer
Introduction 7010INT Data Communications Lecture 7 The Layer Internetworking & Devices Connecting LANs Routing Backbone networks Virtual LANs Addressing Application Presentation Session Data Link Physical
More informationChapter 4: Network Layer
Chapter 4: Introduction (forwarding and routing) Review of queueing theory Routing algorithms Link state, Distance Vector Router design and operation IP: Internet Protocol IPv4 (datagram format, addressing,
More informationTHE INTERNET PROTOCOL INTERFACES
THE INTERNET PROTOCOL The Internet Protocol Stefan D. Bruda Winter 2018 A (connectionless) network protocol Designed for use in interconnected systems of packet-switched computer communication networks
More informationOnline Documentation: To access the online documentation for this and other Novell products, and to get updates, see
Legal Notices Novell, Inc. makes no representations or warranties with respect to the contents or use of this documentation, and specifically disclaims any express or implied warranties of merchantability
More informationIntroduction to Open System Interconnection Reference Model
Chapter 5 Introduction to OSI Reference Model 1 Chapter 5 Introduction to Open System Interconnection Reference Model Introduction The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a reference tool for understanding
More informationInternetworking Models The OSI Reference Model
Internetworking Models When networks first came into being, computers could typically communicate only with computers from the same manufacturer. In the late 1970s, the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
More informationThe Internet Protocol
The Internet Protocol Stefan D. Bruda Winter 2018 THE INTERNET PROTOCOL A (connectionless) network layer protocol Designed for use in interconnected systems of packet-switched computer communication networks
More informationProf. Shervin Shirmohammadi SITE, University of Ottawa. Internet Protocol (IP) Lecture 2: Prof. Shervin Shirmohammadi CEG
Lecture 2: Internet Protocol (IP) Prof. Shervin Shirmohammadi SITE, University of Ottawa Prof. Shervin Shirmohammadi CEG 4185 2-1 Network Layer Provides the upper layers with independence from the data
More informationETSF05/ETSF10 Internet Protocols. Routing on the Internet
ETSF05/ETSF10 Internet Protocols Routing on the Internet Circuit switched routing ETSF05/ETSF10 - Internet Protocols 2 Routing in Packet Switching Networks Key design issue for (packet) switched networks
More informationTCP/IP protocol suite
TCP/IP protocol suite The TCP/IP protocol suite was developed prior to the OSI model. Therefore, the layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not match exactly with those in the OSI model. The original TCP/IP
More informationThe Network Layer. Antonio Carzaniga. April 22, Faculty of Informatics University of Lugano Antonio Carzaniga
The Network Layer Antonio Carzaniga Faculty of Informatics University of Lugano April 22, 2010 Basic network-layer architecture of a datagram network Outline Introduction to forwarding Introduction to
More informationCCNA 1: Chapter 2 Exam Answer v %
1. Refer to the exhibit. Cell A at IP address 10.0.0.34 has established an IP session with IP Phone 1? at IP address 172.16.1.103. Based upon the graphic, which device type best describes the function
More informationThe Network Layer and Routers
The Network Layer and Routers Daniel Zappala CS 460 Computer Networking Brigham Young University 2/18 Network Layer deliver packets from sending host to receiving host must be on every host, router in
More informationCS519: Computer Networks. Lecture 1 (part 2): Jan 28, 2004 Intro to Computer Networking
: Computer Networks Lecture 1 (part 2): Jan 28, 2004 Intro to Computer Networking Remember this picture? How did the switch know to forward some packets to B and some to D? From the address in the packet
More informationCOSC 6377 Mid-Term #2 Fall 2000
Name: SSN: Signature: Open book, open notes. Your work must be your own. Assigned seating. Test time: 7:05pm to 8:05pm. You may not use a calculator or PalmPilot to calculate subnetting/host/netid information.
More informationData Communication & Networks G Session 7 - Main Theme Networks: Part I Circuit Switching, Packet Switching, The Network Layer
Data Communication & Networks G22.2262-001 Session 7 - Main Theme Networks: Part I Circuit Switching, Packet Switching, The Network Layer Dr. Jean-Claude Franchitti New York University Computer Science
More informationNetwork Superhighway CSCD 330. Network Programming Winter Lecture 13 Network Layer. Reading: Chapter 4
CSCD 330 Network Superhighway Network Programming Winter 2015 Lecture 13 Network Layer Reading: Chapter 4 Some slides provided courtesy of J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved, copyright 1996-2007
More informationUNIT 2 TRANSPORT LAYER
Network, Transport and Application UNIT 2 TRANSPORT LAYER Structure Page No. 2.0 Introduction 34 2.1 Objective 34 2.2 Addressing 35 2.3 Reliable delivery 35 2.4 Flow control 38 2.5 Connection Management
More informationTHE OSI MODEL. Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data-Link Physical. OSI Model. Chapter 1 Review.
THE OSI MODEL Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data-Link Physical OSI Model Chapter 1 Review By: Allan Johnson Table of Contents Go There! Go There! Go There! Go There! Go There! Go There!
More informationChapter 7. Local Area Network Communications Protocols
Chapter 7 Local Area Network Communications Protocols The Network Layer The third layer of the OSI Model is the network layer. The network layer is concerned with providing a means for hosts to communicate
More informationChapter 10 Switching in Data Networks. School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University Associate Prof.
Chapter 10 Switching in Data Networks School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University Associate Prof., Deqiang Wang Outline Data transmission in PSTNs Switching Techniques for Data Transmission
More informationOSI Network Layer. Network Fundamentals Chapter 5. Version Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 1
OSI Network Layer Network Fundamentals Chapter 5 Version 4.0 1 Objectives Identify the role of the Network Layer, as it describes communication from one end device to another end device. Examine the most
More informationOn Distributed Communications, Rand Report RM-3420-PR, Paul Baran, August 1964
The requirements for a future all-digital-data distributed network which provides common user service for a wide range of users having different requirements is considered. The use of a standard format
More informationCS610- Computer Network Solved Subjective From Midterm Papers
Solved Subjective From Midterm Papers May 08,2012 MC100401285 Moaaz.pk@gmail.com Mc100401285@gmail.com PSMD01 CS610- Computer Network Midterm Examination - Fall 2011 1. Where are destination and source
More informationInternetwork Basic. Possible causes of LAN traffic congestion are
Internetworking 1 C H A P T E R 2 Internetworking Basics Internetworking Model The OSI Reference Model Ethernet Networking Wireless Networking Data Encapsulation Topic 3 1 Internetwork Basic 4 Possible
More informationGrowth. Individual departments in a university buy LANs for their own machines and eventually want to interconnect with other campus LANs.
Internetworking Multiple networks are a fact of life: Growth. Individual departments in a university buy LANs for their own machines and eventually want to interconnect with other campus LANs. Fault isolation,
More informationNetworks: Access Management
Networks: Access Management Class Notes # 3 Protocols and Layers (part 1) September 19, 2003 Functions A small set of functions form the basis of all protocols. Not all protocols have all functions; this
More informationQuality of Service. Traffic Descriptor Traffic Profiles. Figure 24.1 Traffic descriptors. Figure Three traffic profiles
24-1 DATA TRAFFIC Chapter 24 Congestion Control and Quality of Service The main focus of control and quality of service is data traffic. In control we try to avoid traffic. In quality of service, we try
More informationinfrared Disadvantage: 1. cannot use for long-range communication or outside a building due to sun s rays.
Chapter2: analog and digital signals can take one of two forms: 1. periodic 2. nonperiodic Periodic analog signals can be classified as: 1. simple 2. composite A sine wave is represented by three parameters:
More informationOverview. Information About Layer 3 Unicast Routing. Send document comments to CHAPTER
CHAPTER 1 This chapter introduces the basic concepts for Layer 3 unicast routing protocols in Cisco NX-OS. This chapter includes the following sections: Information About Layer 3 Unicast Routing, page
More informationChapter 6. The Network Layer
Chapter 6 The Network Layer 1 Network Layer Design Isues Store-and-Forward Packet Switching Services Provided to the Transport Layer Implementation of Connectionless Service Implementation of Connection-Oriented
More informationBridging and Switching Basics
CHAPTER 4 Bridging and Switching Basics This chapter introduces the technologies employed in devices loosely referred to as bridges and switches. Topics summarized here include general link-layer device
More informationCHAPTER 9: PACKET SWITCHING N/W & CONGESTION CONTROL
CHAPTER 9: PACKET SWITCHING N/W & CONGESTION CONTROL Dr. Bhargavi Goswami, Associate Professor head, Department of Computer Science, Garden City College Bangalore. PACKET SWITCHED NETWORKS Transfer blocks
More informationConcept Questions Demonstrate your knowledge of these concepts by answering the following questions in the space that is provided.
223 Chapter 19 Inter mediate TCP The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite of protocols was developed as part of the research that the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
More informationSwitched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS)
CHAPTER 14 Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS) Background Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS) is a high-speed, packet-switched, datagram-based WAN networking technology used for communication
More informationThe Network Layer. Network Layer Design Objectives
1 next CITS3002 help3002 CITS3002 schedule The Network Layer The Data Link Layer had the responsibility of reliably transmitting frames across along a single wire (or wireless,...) link. The Network Layer's
More information