Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
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1 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Antonio Carzaniga Faculty of Informatics Università della Svizzera italiana November 10, 2017
2 Outline Introduction to TCP Sequence numbers and acknowledgment numbers Timeouts and RTT estimation Reliable data transfer in TCP Connection management
3 Transmission Control Protocol The Internet s primary transport protocol definedinrfc793,rfc1122,rfc1323,rfc2018,andrfc2581
4 Transmission Control Protocol The Internet s primary transport protocol definedinrfc793,rfc1122,rfc1323,rfc2018,andrfc2581 Connection-oriented service endpoints shake hands to establish a connection not a circuit-switched connection, nor a virtual circuit
5 Transmission Control Protocol The Internet s primary transport protocol definedinrfc793,rfc1122,rfc1323,rfc2018,andrfc2581 Connection-oriented service endpoints shake hands to establish a connection not a circuit-switched connection, nor a virtual circuit Full-duplex service bothendpointscanbothsendandreceive,atthesametime
6 Preliminary Definitions
7 Preliminary Definitions TCP segment: envelope for TCP data TCPdataaresentwithinTCPsegments TCPsegmentsareusuallysentwithinanIPpacket
8 Preliminary Definitions TCP segment: envelope for TCP data TCPdataaresentwithinTCPsegments TCPsegmentsareusuallysentwithinanIPpacket Maximum segment size(mss): maximum amount of application data transmitted in a single segment typically related to the MTU of the connection, to avoid network-level fragmentation(we ll talk about all of this later)
9 Preliminary Definitions TCP segment: envelope for TCP data TCPdataaresentwithinTCPsegments TCPsegmentsareusuallysentwithinanIPpacket Maximum segment size(mss): maximum amount of application data transmitted in a single segment typically related to the MTU of the connection, to avoid network-level fragmentation(we ll talk about all of this later) Maximum transmission unit(mtu): largest link-layer frame available to the sender host pathmtu:largestlink-layerframethatcanbesentonalllinksfromthesender host to the receiver host
10 TCP Segment Format 0 31 source port destination port sequence number acknowledgment number hdrlen unused UAPRSF receivewindow Internet checksum urgent data pointer options field data
11 TCP Header Fields
12 Source and destination ports:(16-bit each) application identifiers TCP Header Fields
13 TCP Header Fields Source and destination ports:(16-bit each) application identifiers Sequence number:(32-bit) used to implement reliable data transfer Acknowledgment number:(32-bit) used to implement reliable data transfer
14 TCP Header Fields Source and destination ports:(16-bit each) application identifiers Sequence number:(32-bit) used to implement reliable data transfer Acknowledgment number:(32-bit) used to implement reliable data transfer Receive window:(16-bit) size of the window on the receiver end
15 TCP Header Fields Source and destination ports:(16-bit each) application identifiers Sequence number:(32-bit) used to implement reliable data transfer Acknowledgment number:(32-bit) used to implement reliable data transfer Receive window:(16-bit) size of the window on the receiver end Header length:(4-bit) size of the TCP header in 32-bit words
16 TCP Header Fields Source and destination ports:(16-bit each) application identifiers Sequence number:(32-bit) used to implement reliable data transfer Acknowledgment number:(32-bit) used to implement reliable data transfer Receive window:(16-bit) size of the window on the receiver end Header length:(4-bit) size of the TCP header in 32-bit words Optional and variable-length options field: may be used to negotiate protocol parameters
17 TCP Header Fields
18 TCP Header Fields ACK flag:(1-bit) signals that the value contained in the acknowledgment number represents a valid acknowledgment
19 TCP Header Fields ACK flag:(1-bit) signals that the value contained in the acknowledgment number represents a valid acknowledgment SYN flag:(1-bit) used during connection setup and shutdown
20 TCP Header Fields ACK flag:(1-bit) signals that the value contained in the acknowledgment number represents a valid acknowledgment SYN flag:(1-bit) used during connection setup and shutdown RST flag:(1-bit) used during connection setup and shutdown
21 TCP Header Fields ACK flag:(1-bit) signals that the value contained in the acknowledgment number represents a valid acknowledgment SYN flag:(1-bit) used during connection setup and shutdown RST flag:(1-bit) used during connection setup and shutdown FIN flag:(1-bit) used during connection shutdown
22 TCP Header Fields ACK flag:(1-bit) signals that the value contained in the acknowledgment number represents a valid acknowledgment SYN flag:(1-bit) used during connection setup and shutdown RST flag:(1-bit) used during connection setup and shutdown FIN flag:(1-bit) used during connection shutdown PSHflag:(1-bit) push flag,usedtosolicitthereceivertopassthedatatothe application immediately
23 TCP Header Fields ACK flag:(1-bit) signals that the value contained in the acknowledgment number represents a valid acknowledgment SYN flag:(1-bit) used during connection setup and shutdown RST flag:(1-bit) used during connection setup and shutdown FIN flag:(1-bit) used during connection shutdown PSHflag:(1-bit) push flag,usedtosolicitthereceivertopassthedatatothe application immediately URGflag:(1-bit) urgent flag,usedtoinformthereceiverthatthesenderhas markedsomedataas urgent.thelocationofthisurgentdataismarkedby the urgent data pointer field
24 TCP Header Fields ACK flag:(1-bit) signals that the value contained in the acknowledgment number represents a valid acknowledgment SYN flag:(1-bit) used during connection setup and shutdown RST flag:(1-bit) used during connection setup and shutdown FIN flag:(1-bit) used during connection shutdown PSHflag:(1-bit) push flag,usedtosolicitthereceivertopassthedatatothe application immediately URGflag:(1-bit) urgent flag,usedtoinformthereceiverthatthesenderhas markedsomedataas urgent.thelocationofthisurgentdataismarkedby the urgent data pointer field Checksum:(16-bit) used to detect transmission errors
25 Sequence Numbers
26 Sequence numbers are associated with bytes in the data stream notwithsegments,aswehaveusedthembefore Sequence Numbers
27 Sequence Numbers Sequence numbers are associated with bytes in the data stream notwithsegments,aswehaveusedthembefore The sequence number in a TCP segment indicates the sequence number of the first byte carried by that segment
28 Sequence Numbers Sequence numbers are associated with bytes in the data stream notwithsegments,aswehaveusedthembefore The sequence number in a TCP segment indicates the sequence number of the first byte carried by that segment application data stream 4Kb
29 Sequence Numbers Sequence numbers are associated with bytes in the data stream notwithsegments,aswehaveusedthembefore The sequence number in a TCP segment indicates the sequence number of the first byte carried by that segment application data stream 4Kb MSS=1024b
30 Sequence Numbers Sequence numbers are associated with bytes in the data stream notwithsegments,aswehaveusedthembefore The sequence number in a TCP segment indicates the sequence number of the first byte carried by that segment application data stream 4Kb MSS=1024b
31 Sequence Numbers Sequence numbers are associated with bytes in the data stream notwithsegments,aswehaveusedthembefore The sequence number in a TCP segment indicates the sequence number of the first byte carried by that segment application data stream 4Kb MSS=1024b
32 Sequence Numbers Sequence numbers are associated with bytes in the data stream notwithsegments,aswehaveusedthembefore The sequence number in a TCP segment indicates the sequence number of the first byte carried by that segment application data stream 4Kb MSS=1024b a TCP segment
33 Sequence Numbers Sequence numbers are associated with bytes in the data stream notwithsegments,aswehaveusedthembefore The sequence number in a TCP segment indicates the sequence number of the first byte carried by that segment application data stream 4Kb MSS=1024b a TCP segment 2049
34 Sequence Numbers Sequence numbers are associated with bytes in the data stream notwithsegments,aswehaveusedthembefore The sequence number in a TCP segment indicates the sequence number of the first byte carried by that segment application data stream 4Kb MSS=1024b sequence number a TCP segment 2049
35 Acknowledgment Numbers
36 Acknowledgment Numbers An acknowledgment number represents the first sequence number not yet seen by the receiver TCP acknowledgments are cumulative
37 Acknowledgment Numbers An acknowledgment number represents the first sequence number not yet seen by the receiver TCP acknowledgments are cumulative A B
38 Acknowledgment Numbers An acknowledgment number represents the first sequence number not yet seen by the receiver TCP acknowledgments are cumulative A B [Seq# =1200,...],size(data) =1000
39 Acknowledgment Numbers An acknowledgment number represents the first sequence number not yet seen by the receiver TCP acknowledgments are cumulative A B [Seq# =1200,...],size(data) =1000 [Seq# =2200,...],size(data) =500
40 Acknowledgment Numbers An acknowledgment number represents the first sequence number not yet seen by the receiver TCP acknowledgments are cumulative A B [Seq# =1200,...],size(data) =1000 [Seq# =2200,...],size(data) =500 [Seq# =...,Ack# =2700]
41 Sequence Numbers and ACK Numbers
42 Sequence Numbers and ACK Numbers Notice that a TCP connection is a full-duplex link therefore, there are two streams two different sequence numbers
43 Sequence Numbers and ACK Numbers Notice that a TCP connection is a full-duplex link therefore, there are two streams two different sequence numbers E.g., consider a simple Echo application: A B
44 Sequence Numbers and ACK Numbers Notice that a TCP connection is a full-duplex link therefore, there are two streams two different sequence numbers E.g., consider a simple Echo application: A B [Seq# =100,Data = C ]
45 Sequence Numbers and ACK Numbers Notice that a TCP connection is a full-duplex link therefore, there are two streams two different sequence numbers E.g., consider a simple Echo application: A B [Seq# =100,Data = C ] [Ack# =101,Seq# =200,Data = C ]
46 Sequence Numbers and ACK Numbers Notice that a TCP connection is a full-duplex link therefore, there are two streams two different sequence numbers E.g., consider a simple Echo application: A B [Seq# =100,Data = C ] [Ack# =101,Seq# =200,Data = C ] [Seq# =101,Ack# =201,Data = i ]
47 Sequence Numbers and ACK Numbers Notice that a TCP connection is a full-duplex link therefore, there are two streams two different sequence numbers E.g., consider a simple Echo application: A B [Seq# =100,Data = C ] [Ack# =101,Seq# =200,Data = C ] [Seq# =101,Ack# =201,Data = i ] [Seq# =201,Ack# =102,Data = i ]
48 Sequence Numbers and ACK Numbers Notice that a TCP connection is a full-duplex link therefore, there are two streams two different sequence numbers E.g., consider a simple Echo application: A B [Seq# =100,Data = C ] [Ack# =101,Seq# =200,Data = C ] [Seq# =101,Ack# =201,Data = i ] [Seq# =201,Ack# =102,Data = i ] Acknowledgments are piggybacked on data segments
49 Reliability and Timeout TCP provides reliable data transfer using a timer to detect lost segments timeout without an ACK lost packet retransmission
50 Reliability and Timeout TCP provides reliable data transfer using a timer to detect lost segments timeout without an ACK lost packet retransmission How long to wait for acknowledgments?
51 Reliability and Timeout TCP provides reliable data transfer using a timer to detect lost segments timeout without an ACK lost packet retransmission How long to wait for acknowledgments? Retransmission timeouts should be larger than the round-trip time RTT = 2L ascloseaspossibletothertt
52 Reliability and Timeout TCP provides reliable data transfer using a timer to detect lost segments timeout without an ACK lost packet retransmission How long to wait for acknowledgments? Retransmission timeouts should be larger than the round-trip time RTT = 2L ascloseaspossibletothertt TCP controls its timeout by continuously estimating the current RTT
53 Round-Trip Time Estimation
54 Round-Trip Time Estimation RTT is measured using ACKs only for packets transmitted once GivenasinglesampleSatanygiventime Exponential weighted moving average(ewma) RTT = (1 α)rtt +αs
55 Round-Trip Time Estimation RTT is measured using ACKs only for packets transmitted once GivenasinglesampleSatanygiventime Exponential weighted moving average(ewma) RTT = (1 α)rtt +αs RFC2988recommendsα =0.125
56 Round-Trip Time Estimation RTT is measured using ACKs only for packets transmitted once GivenasinglesampleSatanygiventime Exponential weighted moving average(ewma) RTT = (1 α)rtt +αs RFC2988recommendsα =0.125 TCP also measures the variability of RTT DevRTT = (1 β)devrtt +β RTT S
57 Round-Trip Time Estimation RTT is measured using ACKs only for packets transmitted once GivenasinglesampleSatanygiventime Exponential weighted moving average(ewma) RTT = (1 α)rtt +αs RFC2988recommendsα =0.125 TCP also measures the variability of RTT DevRTT = (1 β)devrtt +β RTT S RFC2988recommendsβ =0.25
58 Timeout Value
59 Timeout Value ThetimeoutintervalTmustbelargerthantheRTT so as to avoid unnecessary retransmission However,TshouldnotbetoofarfromRTT soastodetect(andretransmit)lostsegmentsasquicklyaspossible
60 Timeout Value ThetimeoutintervalTmustbelargerthantheRTT so as to avoid unnecessary retransmission However,TshouldnotbetoofarfromRTT soastodetect(andretransmit)lostsegmentsasquicklyaspossible TCP sets its timeouts using the estimated RTT(RTT) and the variability estimate DevRTT: T =RTT +4DevRTT
61 Reliable Data Transfer (Sender) A simplified TCP sender r_send(data) if(timer not running) start_timer() u_send([data,next_seq_num]) next_seq_num next_seq_num + length(data)
62 Reliable Data Transfer (Sender) A simplified TCP sender r_send(data) if(timer not running) start_timer() u_send([data,next_seq_num]) next_seq_num next_seq_num + length(data) timeout u_send(pending segment with smallest sequence number) start_timer()
63 Reliable Data Transfer (Sender) A simplified TCP sender r_send(data) if(timer not running) start_timer() u_send([data,next_seq_num]) next_seq_num next_seq_num + length(data) timeout u_send(pending segment with smallest sequence number) start_timer() u_recv([ack,y]) if(y>base) base y if(there are pending segments) start_timer() else...
64 Acknowledgment Generation (Receiver)
65 Acknowledgment Generation (Receiver) Arrival of in-order segment with expected sequence number; all data up to expected sequence number already acknowledged
66 Acknowledgment Generation (Receiver) Arrival of in-order segment with expected sequence number; all data up to expected sequence number already acknowledged Delayed ACK: wait 500ms for another in-order segment; If that does not arrive, send ACK
67 Acknowledgment Generation (Receiver) Arrival of in-order segment with expected sequence number; all data up to expected sequence number already acknowledged Delayed ACK: wait 500ms for another in-order segment; If that does not arrive, send ACK Arrival of in-order segment with expected sequence number. One other in-order segment waiting for ACK(see above)
68 Acknowledgment Generation (Receiver) Arrival of in-order segment with expected sequence number; all data up to expected sequence number already acknowledged Delayed ACK: wait 500ms for another in-order segment; If that does not arrive, send ACK Arrival of in-order segment with expected sequence number. One other in-order segment waiting for ACK(see above) Cumulative ACK: immediately send cumulative ACK(for both segments)
69 Acknowledgment Generation (Receiver) Arrival of in-order segment with expected sequence number; all data up to expected sequence number already acknowledged Delayed ACK: wait 500ms for another in-order segment; If that does not arrive, send ACK Arrival of in-order segment with expected sequence number. One other in-order segment waiting for ACK(see above) Cumulative ACK: immediately send cumulative ACK(for both segments) Arrival of out of order segment with higher-than-expected sequence number (gap detected)
70 Acknowledgment Generation (Receiver) Arrival of in-order segment with expected sequence number; all data up to expected sequence number already acknowledged Delayed ACK: wait 500ms for another in-order segment; If that does not arrive, send ACK Arrival of in-order segment with expected sequence number. One other in-order segment waiting for ACK(see above) Cumulative ACK: immediately send cumulative ACK(for both segments) Arrival of out of order segment with higher-than-expected sequence number (gap detected) Duplicate ACK: immediately send duplicate ACK
71 Acknowledgment Generation (Receiver) Arrival of in-order segment with expected sequence number; all data up to expected sequence number already acknowledged Delayed ACK: wait 500ms for another in-order segment; If that does not arrive, send ACK Arrival of in-order segment with expected sequence number. One other in-order segment waiting for ACK(see above) Cumulative ACK: immediately send cumulative ACK(for both segments) Arrival of out of order segment with higher-than-expected sequence number (gap detected) Duplicate ACK: immediately send duplicate ACK Arrival of segment that(partially or completely) fills a gap in the received data
72 Acknowledgment Generation (Receiver) Arrival of in-order segment with expected sequence number; all data up to expected sequence number already acknowledged Delayed ACK: wait 500ms for another in-order segment; If that does not arrive, send ACK Arrival of in-order segment with expected sequence number. One other in-order segment waiting for ACK(see above) Cumulative ACK: immediately send cumulative ACK(for both segments) Arrival of out of order segment with higher-than-expected sequence number (gap detected) Duplicate ACK: immediately send duplicate ACK Arrival of segment that(partially or completely) fills a gap in the received data ImmediateACK:immediatelysendACKifthepacketstartatthelowerendofthe gap
73 Reaction to ACKs (Sender)
74 u_recv([ack,y]) if(y>base) base y if(there are pending segments) start_timer() Reaction to ACKs (Sender)
75 u_recv([ack,y]) if(y>base) base y if(there are pending segments) start_timer() else ack_counter[y] ack_counter[y] + 1 if (ack_counter[y] = 3) u_send(segment with sequence number y) Reaction to ACKs (Sender)
76 Connection Setup
77 Three-way handshake Connection Setup
78 Connection Setup Three-way handshake client server
79 Connection Setup Three-way handshake client server [SYN, Seq# = cli_init_seq]
80 Connection Setup Three-way handshake client server [SYN, Seq# = cli_init_seq] [SYN, ACK, Ack# = cli_init_seq + 1, Seq# = srv_init_seq]
81 Connection Setup Three-way handshake client server [SYN, Seq# = cli_init_seq] [SYN, ACK, Ack# = cli_init_seq + 1, Seq# = srv_init_seq] [ACK,Seq# =cli_init_seq+1,ack# =srv_init_seq+1]
82 This is it. Okay, Bye now. Bye. Connection Shutdown
83 Connection Shutdown This is it. Okay, Bye now. Bye. client server
84 Connection Shutdown This is it. Okay, Bye now. Bye. client server [FIN]
85 Connection Shutdown This is it. Okay, Bye now. Bye. client server [FIN] [ACK]
86 Connection Shutdown This is it. Okay, Bye now. Bye. client server [FIN] [ACK] [FIN]
87 Connection Shutdown This is it. Okay, Bye now. Bye. client server [FIN] [ACK] [FIN] [ACK]
88 CLOSED The TCP State Machine (Client)
89 CLOSED The TCP State Machine (Client) application opens connection send SYN SYN_SENT
90 CLOSED The TCP State Machine (Client) application opens connection send SYN SYN_SENT ESTABLISHED receive SYN,ACK send ACK
91 CLOSED The TCP State Machine (Client) application opens connection send SYN SYN_SENT ESTABLISHED receive SYN,ACK send ACK FIN_WAIT_1 application closes connection send FIN
92 CLOSED The TCP State Machine (Client) application opens connection send SYN SYN_SENT receive SYN,ACK send ACK FIN_WAIT_2 ESTABLISHED receive ACK FIN_WAIT_1 application closes connection send FIN
93 CLOSED The TCP State Machine (Client) application opens connection send SYN receive FIN send ACK TIME_WAIT FIN_WAIT_2 SYN_SENT ESTABLISHED receive SYN,ACK send ACK receive ACK FIN_WAIT_1 application closes connection send FIN
94 wait 30 seconds CLOSED The TCP State Machine (Client) application opens connection send SYN receive FIN send ACK TIME_WAIT FIN_WAIT_2 SYN_SENT ESTABLISHED receive SYN,ACK send ACK receive ACK FIN_WAIT_1 application closes connection send FIN
95 CLOSED The TCP State Machine (Server)
96 The TCP State Machine (Server) CLOSED application opens server socket LISTEN
97 The TCP State Machine (Server) CLOSED application opens server socket LISTEN SYN_RCVD receive SYN send SYN,ACK
98 The TCP State Machine (Server) CLOSED application opens server socket LISTEN SYN_RCVD receive SYN send SYN,ACK ESTABLISHED receive ACK
99 The TCP State Machine (Server) CLOSED application opens server socket LISTEN receive SYN send SYN,ACK CLOSE_WAIT SYN_RCVD receive FIN send ACK ESTABLISHED receive ACK
100 The TCP State Machine (Server) CLOSED application opens server socket send FIN LAST_ACK CLOSE_WAIT LISTEN SYN_RCVD receive SYN send SYN,ACK receive FIN send ACK ESTABLISHED receive ACK
101 The TCP State Machine (Server) receive ACK CLOSED application opens server socket send FIN LAST_ACK CLOSE_WAIT LISTEN SYN_RCVD receive SYN send SYN,ACK receive FIN send ACK ESTABLISHED receive ACK
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