Internetworking With TCP/IP

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1 Internetworking With TCP/IP Vol II: Design, Implementation, and Internais DOUGLAS E. COMER and DAVID L. STEVENS Department of Computer Sciences Purdue University West Lafayette, IN PRENTICE HALL Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632

2 Contents Foreword xvii Preface xix Chapter 1 Introduction And Overview 1 /./ TCPIIP Protocols The NeedTo Understand Details Complexity Of Interactions Among Protocols The Approach In This Text The Importance Of Studying Code The Xinu Operating System Organization Of The Remainder Of The Book Summary 4 Chapter 2 The Structure Of TCP/IP Software In An Operating System Introduction The Process Concept Process Priority Communicating Processes Interprocess Communication Device Drivers, Input, And Output Network Input and Interrupts Passing Packets To Higher Level Protocols Passing Datagrams From IP To Transport Protocols Delivery To Application Programs Information Flow On Output From TCP Through IP To Network Output 20

3 2.13 UDP Output Summary 21 Chapter 3 Network Interface Layer 3.1 Introduction The Network Interface Abstraction Logical State Of An Interface Local Host Interface Buffer Management Demultiplexing Incoming Packets Summary 36 Chapter 4 Address Discovery And Binding (ARP) 4.1 Introduction Conceptual Organization Of ARP Software Example ARP Design Data Structures For The ARP Cache ARP Output Processing AI 4.6 ARP Input Processing ARP Cache Management ARP Initialization ARP Configuration Parameters Summary 57 Chapter 5 IP: Global Software Organization 5.7 Introduction The Central Switch IP Software Design IP Software Organization And Datagram Flow 5.5 Byte-Ordering In The IP Header Sending A Datagram To IP Table Maintenance Summary 79

4 Contents Chapter 6 IP: Routing Table And Routing Algorithm 6.1 Introduction Route Maintenance And Lookup Routing Table Organization Routing Table Data Structures Origin Of Routes And Persistence Routing A Datagram Periodic Route Table Maintenance IP Options Processing Summary 101 Chapter 7 IP: Fragmentation And Reassembly 7.1 Introduction Fragmenting Datagrams Implementation Of Fragmentation Datagram Reassembly Maintenance Of Fragment Lists Initialization Summary 120 Chapter 8 IP: Error Processing (ICMP) 8.1 Introduction ICMP Message Formats Implementation Of ICMP Messages Handling Incoming ICMP Messages Handling An ICMP Redirect Message Setting A Subnet Mask Choosing A Source Address For An ICMP Packet 8.8 Generating ICMP Error Messages Avoiding Errors About Errors Allocating A Buffer For ICMP The Data Portion Of An ICMP Message Generating An ICMP Redirect Message Summary 142

5 X Contents Chapter 9 UDP: User Datagrams Introduction UDP Ports And Demultiplexing UDP UDP Output Processing Summary 162 Chapter 10 TCP: Data Structures And Input Processing Introduction OverviewOf TCP Software Transmission Control Blocks TCP Segment Format Sequence Space Comparison TCP Finite State Machine Example State Transition Declaration Of The Finite State Machine TCB Allocation And Initialization \ Implementation Of The Finite State Machine Handling An Input Segment Summary 190 Chapter 11 TCP: Finite State Machine Implementation Introduction CLOSED State Processing Graceful Shutdown Timed Delay After Closing TIME-WAIT State Processing CLOSING State Processing FIN-WAIT-2 State Processing FIN-WAIT-1 State Processing CLOSE-WAIT State Processing LAST-ACK State Processing ESTABLISHED State Processing Processing Data In A Segment Keeping Track Of Received Octets Aborting A TCP Connection Establishing A TCP Connection Initializing A TCB 213

6 Contents XI SYN-SENT State Processing SYN-RECEIVED State Processing LISTEN State Processing Initializing Window Variables For A New TCB Summary 221 Chapter12 TCP: Output Processing Introduction Controlling TCP Output Complexity The Four TCP Output States TCP Output As A Process TCP Output Messages Encoding Output States And TCB Numbers Implementation OfThe TCP Output Process Mutual Exclusion Implementation Of The IDLE State Implementation OfThe PERSIST State Implementation OfThe TRANSMIT State Implementation Of The RETRANSMIT State Sending A Segment Computing The TCP Data Length Computing Sequence Counts Other TCP Procedures Summary 244 Chapter13 TCP: Timer Management Introduction A General Data Structure For Timed Events A Data Structure For TCP Events Timers, Events, And Messages The TCP Timer Process Deleting A TCP Timer Event Deleting All Events For A TCB Determining The Time Remaining For An Event lnserting A TCP Timer Event Starting TCP Output Without Delay Summary 258

7 XU Contents Chapter 14 TCP: Flow Control And Adaptive Retransmission Introduction The Difficulties With Adaptive Retransmission Tuning Adaptive Retransmission Retransmission Timer And Backoff Window-Based Flow Control Maximum Segment Size Computation Congestion Avoidance And Control Slow-Start And Congestion Avoidance TIA 14.9 Round Trip Estimation And Timeout Miscellaneous Notes And Techniques Summary 282 Chapter 15 TCP: Urgent Data Processing And The Push Function Introduction Out-Of-Band Signaling Urgent Data Interpreting The Standard A Data Structure For Urgent Mode Data Extracting Urgent Data From An Incoming Segment Sequence Numbers, Keys, And List Order Urgent Data Queue Manipulation Routines Reading Urgent Data Collecting Holes Skipping Holes Reading Data From TCP Sending Urgent Data Recording The Locations Of Urgent Data Messages Transmitting Urgent Data TCP Push Function Interpreting Push With Out-Of-Order Delivery Implementation Of Push On Input Summary 306 Chapter 16 Socket-Level Interface Introduction Interfacing Through A Device TCP Connections As Devices 311

8 Contents xin 76.4 An Example TCP Client Pro gram An Example TCP Server Program Implementation OfThe TCP Master Device Implementation Of A TCP Slave Device Initialization Of A Slave Device Summary 338 Chapter 17 RIP: Active Route Propagation And Passive Acquisition Introduction Active And Passive Mode Participants J Basic RIP Algorithm And Cost Metrie Instabilities And Solutions Message Types Protocol Characterization Implementation Of RIP The Principle RIP Process Responding To An Incoming Request Generating Update Messages Initializing Copies Of An Update Message Generating Periodic RIP Output Limitations Of RIP Summary 365 Chapter 18 SNMP: MIB Variables, Representations, And Bindings Introduction Server Organization And Name Mapping MIB Variables MIB Variable Names Lexicographic Ordering Among Names Prefix Removal Operations Applied To MIB Variables Names For Tables Conceptual Threading OfThe Name Hierarchy Data Structure For MIB Variables 2>1A A Data Structure For Fast Lookup Implementation OfThe Hash Table Specification Of MIB Bindings Internal Variables Used In Bindings Hash Table Lookup SNMP Structures And Constants 387

9 XIV Contents ASN.l Representation Manipulation Summary 400 Chapter19 SNMP: Client And Server Introduction Data Representation In The Server Server Implementation Parsing An SNMP Message Converting ASN.l Names In The Binding List Resolving A Query Interpreting The Get-Next Operation Indirect Application Of Operations Indirection For Tables Generating A Reply Message Backward All Converting From Internal Form to ASN.l Utility Functions Used By The Server Implementation Of An SNMP Client All Initialization Of Variables Summary All Chapter 20 SNMP: Table Access Functions Introduction Table Access Object Identifiers For Tables Address Entry Table Functions Address Translation Table Functions Network Interface Table Functions AA Routing Table Functions TCP Connection Table Functions Summary 471 Chapter 21 Implementation In Retrospect Introduction Statistical Analysis Of The Code Lines Of Code For Each Protocol Functions And Procedures For Each Protocol Summary All

10 Contents Appendix 1 Cross Reference Of Procedure Calls 479 Appendix 2 Xinu Procedures And Functions Used In The Code 501 Bibliography 509 Index 517 Index 533

Internetworking With TCP/IP

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