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1 ROUTING PROTOCOLS Mario Baldi Routing - 1

2 Copyright Notice This set of transparencies, hereinafter referred to as slides, is protected by copyright laws and provisions of International Treaties. The title and copyright regarding the slides (including, but not limited to, each and every image, photography, animation, video, audio, music and text) are property of the authors specified on page 1. The slides may be reproduced and used freely by research institutes, schools and Universities for non-profit, institutional purposes. In such cases, no authorization is requested. Any total or partial use or reproduction (including, but not limited to, reproduction on magnetic media, computer networks, and printed reproduction) is forbidden, unless explicitly authorized by the authors by means of written license. Information included in these slides is deemed as accurate at the date of publication. Such information is supplied for merely educational purposes and may not be used in designing systems, products, networks, etc. In any case, these slides are subject to changes without any previous notice. The authors do not assume any responsibility for the contents of these slides (including, but not limited to, accuracy, completeness, enforceability, updated-ness of information hereinafter provided). In any case, accordance with information hereinafter included must not be declared. In any case, this copyright notice must never be removed and must be reported even in partial uses. Routing - 2

3 TWO PROTOCOL FAMILIES Routing - 3

4 Two Kinds of Protocols Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) Intra-domain routing Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) Inter-domain routing Routing - 4

5 Different objectives Different design criteria Routing - 5

6 IGP Features Distribute topological information Choose routes based on topological information Find best route Routing - 6

7 EGP Features Distribute Autonomous System information Distribute administrative costs Decide based on policies Find preferred route Routing - 7

8 IGP Distance Vector RIP: Routing Information Protocol IGRP: Interior Gateway Routing Protocol E-IGRP: Enhanced IGRP Routing - 8

9 IGP Link State OSPF: Open Shortest Path First Integrated IS-IS Routing - 9

10 EGP BGP: Border Gateway Protocol IDRP: Inter Domain Routing Protocol Static routing also a viable option Routing - 10

11 INTERIOR GATEWAY PROTOCOLS Routing - 11

12 RIP Originally developed for another architecture RFC 1O58 (1988) and RFC 1388 (1993) Implemented also by Unix/Linux hosts Routing - 12

13 Features Hop count At most 15 hops Periodic update messages Distance vectors Every 3O s Time-out based operation Convergence: 3 min Routing - 13

14 IGRP Cisco Systems proprietary It overcomes some of the shortcomings of RIP For a while, the only alternative to RIP Routing - 14

15 Features Articulated metrics Delay Bandwidth Reliability Load Maximum packet length Multipath routing Routing - 15

16 OSPF RFC 1247 (1991) and RFC 1583 (1994) Hierarchical routing Routing domain divided in areas Aggregation of information among areas Routing - 16

17 Hierarchical Routing Routers know all details of their domain/zone/area Routers have limited or no knowledge about the outside Can be iterated A1 Domain/Zone /Area B B2 B1 Routing - 17 A2 Domain/ Zone/Area A B3

18 Strictly Hierarchical Routing No knowledge/visibility outside own area/domain/zone When the destination of a packet is not in the area, it is forwarded towards an edge router Maximum scale Limited routing capability A1 A2 Domain/ Zone/Area A Routing - 18

19 Strictly Hierarchical Routing Higher layer routers have area/domain/zone level view A B Domain/Zone /Area A A1 A2 B1 B2 B3 Domain/Zone /Area B Routing - 19

20 Strictly Hierarchical Routing Sub-optimal paths Loss of connectivity due to faults A1 A2 A3 A4 Domain A Edge router B1 B2 Domain B Routing - 20

21 Loosely Hierarchical Routing Routers have high level knowledge of the outside A1 B1 B2 A2 B3 Domain/Zone /Area A A1 A2 B1 B2 B3 Domain/Zone /Area B Routing - 21

22 Loosely Hierarchical Routing Less scalability Routers have to store and exchange more information Does not require strictly hierarchical addressing All host in domain B do not need a common identifier Prefix Routing - 22 Possible in IPv4

23 OSPF Architecture R5 Backbone router D1 Area 1 Backbone area R9 R6 R2 R7 R1 R3 Area 2 R8 R4 Area border router AS boundary router Internal router Routing - 23

24 Broadcast Networks N routers = N2 adjacencies N 2 links Dijkstra complexity is linear with number of links R1 R2 R3 R4 R1 Net1 R2 R3 R4 H1 Net1 Routing - 24 H2 Link State Database R1 R2/1 R3/1 R4/1 Net1/1 R2 R1/1 R3/1 R4/1 Net1/1 R3 R1/1 R2/1 R4/1 Net1/1 R4 R1/1 R2/1 R3/1 Net1/1

25 Broadcast Networks R1 Routing - 25 Pseudo-node Virtual node to transform full mesh into star Role played by one of the routers (election) Only for (proactive) routing Packets delivered directly R2 R3 Net1 R4 R1 R2 Net1 PN R3 R4 Link State Database R1 PN/1 R2 PN/1 R3 PN/1 R4 PN/1 PN R1/1 R2/1 R3/1 R4/1 Net1/1

26 Integrated IS-IS Extension of an OSI protocol Hierarchical routing Different level routers Routing - 26

27 Widely deployed before OSPF was available Large networks ISPs Still in use Do not change what works Routing - 27

28 EXTERIOR GATEWAY PROTOCOLS Routing - 28

29 BGP Currently Version 4 RFC 1654 (1994) Path vector AS sequence to destination Rich set of attributes Configurable route computation policy Routing - 29

30 InterDomain Routing Protocol (IDRP) Evolution of BGP for OSI Ported back to TCP/IP Supposed to be the choice for IPv6 Not used a lot Routing - 30

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