Introduction to Java

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1 Introduction to Java What Java is: A tool for programming well Portable across any hardware platform that has a JVM interpreter Relatively easy to learn if you have a good foundation An object-oriented language What Java is not: The Ultimate Programming Language HTML or another web-content language Only useful for web applets

2 Introduction to Java Strengths of Java: A real language, in demand in industry Portability Comparatively easy to learn Difficult to destroy a machine with it ;-) Advanced built-in GUI/Graphics features Weaknesses of Java: Slow: interpreted and OO GUI/Graphics via Least Common Denominator approach (due to platform independence) Awkward/annoying syntax obscures some concepts and principles

3 Java s Popularity Keys to Java s Popularity: An OO language that s relatively simple. Virtual Machine approach, allowing transportability to different kinds of computers (operating systems). Presence of JVM as part of Web browsers, encouraging movement of Java programs over the Web. Android OS

4 What is Java? "A simple, objectoriented, distributed, interpreted, robust, secure, architecture neutral, portable, highperformance, multithreaded, and dynamic language -- Sun Sounds like marketing; let s take a closer look...

5 object oriented Java is an object oriented (or OO ) language. It is possible (but seldom desirable) to write nonobject oriented Java code (so-called hybrid OO ). In an OO language, classes are used to encapsulate data (state) and behavior. Instances of a class are then used to manipulate data and drive the program. Classes are arranged in a hierarchy, or package structure.

6 Example: object oriented, A Stack is a class found in the package java.util. We create an instance of the class Stack using the keyword new like this: import java.util.*; Stack c = new Stack(); c.push( 3 ); java.util.stack x = new Stack(); This differs from procedural (e.g., C, Pascal) and functional languages (e.g., Lisp) where other data structures would be used to model the Stack.

7 distributed, Java is also a distributed language. It was built with networking in mind. Fully supports IPv4, with structures to support IPv6-- protocols used on the Internet. Includes support for Applets : small programs embedded in HTML documents. See: java.net package

8 interpreted, Java is an interpreted language, meaning that each instruction is translated into machine code at the time of execution, not during compilation. This allows for platform neutrality: WORA, or write once run anywhere. This also allows one to rewrite and change a program while it is running. Penalty: speed

9 robust, Java is simple -- no pointers / stack concerns (for the most part) Exception handling: try/catch/finally series allows for simplified error recovery. Strongly typed language: many errors caught during compilation.

10 secure, Byte-code verification on loading (not just compilation). Applet code runs in 'sandbox', with significant restrictions. Security is enforced by the SecurityManager class Work-arounds for applet security restrictions include digitally signing code, and Servlets.

11 Structure of Java Programs Applications ( normal computer programs): Create one or more Java source files. Compile each source file into a class file. Thus an application will consist of a bunch of these class files. [Not a single executable.exe] Send one class file to the Java system. It must have a method called main: public static void main(string[ ] argv) The main method controls program flow (but the OO orientation means that it starts a process that features decentralized control).

12 Sample Application (in a file called HelloWorld.java ) public class HelloWorld { public static void main(string argv[]) { System.out.println( Hello World! ); } }

13 Java File Names Source code files must have the ".java" extension. The file name should match the class name. This naming convention is enforced by most reasonable compilers. Thus, an improperly named java file, saved as "mytest.java": class test {... } Incorrect A properly named java file, saved as "Test.java": class Test {... } Compiled byte code has the ".class" extension.

14 Big Picture Time HelloWorld.java HelloWorld.class public class HelloWorld { public static void main(string argv[]){ System.out.println ( Hello World! ); } } javac 0xCAFEBABE... javac HelloWorld.java java HelloWorld

15 Java File Structure Java Files: 1. Consist of the optional package statement, 2. followed by any necessary import statements, 3. followed by the class name, 4. followed by any inheritance and interface declarations. Note: If the file defines more than one class or interface, only one can be declared public, and the source file name must match the public class name.

16 Looks like this: A Typical Java File package bm214e; import java.util.arraylist; import java.util.collections; import java.util.comparator; public class SortArrayList {... } Note the globally unique package name. Without a package specification, the code becomes part of an unnamed default package in the current directory.

17 Vocabulary Structured Programming: A programming paradigm in which the actions (or verbs, or procedures) are emphasized. OO Programming: A programming paradigm in which the actors (or nouns, or objects) and their interaction are emphasized. Byte Compiler: A compiler which translates human-readable source code into byte code (transportable to various virtual machines) instead of object code written for a specific kind of machine.

18 Vocabulary Byte Interpreter: An interpreter which translates byte code into object code for a particular kind of machine and executes them on that machine. Byte Code: An instruction for a virtual machine. Java Virtual Machine (JVM): The virtual machine (software) for which all Java programs are compiled. A byte code interpreter is required to translate from the JVM byte code instructions into to instructions for a given actual machine.

19 Java Portability The Usual Way: Source Code OS-specific compiler or interpreter OS-specific Object Code The Java Approach: Execute program Source Code Java compiler Generic Byte Code Demo.java javac Demo.java Demo.class Execute program OS-specific Object Code OS-specific JVM interpreter java Demo

20 Built-in Data Types 4 atomic data types + String Num (number) Char (character) Boolean Ptr (pointer) String Note: A String is NOT a primitive Java: (6 important primitives + String) int (integer) long (long integer, 2x bits) float (real number) double (real number, 2x bits) char (character, use single quotes: b ) boolean String (Java is case sensitive, so capitalize first letter here: String, not string; use double quotes: a string )

21 List of Data Types Primitive Type Default Value boolean false char '\u0000' (null) byte (byte) 0 short (short) 0 int 0 long 0L float 0f double 0d void N/A

22 Java: Variable Declarations <datatype> <identifier>; or (optional initialization at declaration) <data type> <identifier> = <init value>;

23 Examples int counter; int numstudents = 583; float gpa; double winpct =.406; char gender = f ; boolean issafe; boolean isempty = true; String personname; String streetname = North Avenue ; More on these assignment examples...

24 Assignment Java allows multiple assignment. int thestart, theend; int width = 100, height = 45, length = 12; This tends to complicate javadoc comments, however: /** * Declare cylinder s diameter and height */ int diameter = 50, height = 34; Javadoc comment gets repeated twice in output, once above each listed variable!

25 Examples Note that whole integers appearing in your source code are taken to be ints. So, you might wish to flag them when assigning to non-ints: float maxgrade = 100f; // now holds double temp = 583d; // holds double precision 583 float anothertemp = 5.5; // ERROR! // Java thinks 5.5 is a double Upper and lower case letters can be used for float (F or f), double (D or d), and long (l or L, but we should prefer L): float maxgrade = 100F; // now holds long x = 583l; // holds 583, but looks like 5,381 long y = 583L; // Ah, much better!

26 Primitive Casting Conversion of primitives is accomplished by (1) assignment with implicit casting or (2) explicit casting: int total = 100; float temp = total; // temp now holds When changing type results in a loss of precision, an explicit cast is needed. This is done by placing the new type in parentheses: float total = 100f; int temp = total; // ERROR! int thestart = (int) total; We will see more casting with objects (later)...

27 Casting: Test Your Knowledge Given: int thestart = 10; float temp = 5.5f; temp = temp + (float)thestart; What does thestart now hold? Given: char c = A ; Legal? int x; x = c; 65 Trick question 15.5 Remember: Everything s a number at some level

28 Operators Assignment: = Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, % (mod), and others int numlect = 2; int numstudents = 583; int studentsperlect; studentsperlect = numstudents / numlect; // gives 291 due to integer division int numqualpoints = 30; int numcredithours = 8; float GPA; GPA = numqualpoints / numcredithours; // gives 3.0 due to integer division someintvar = someintvar * somefloatvar // gives compile-time error

29 Test Your Knowledge Here s the problem: int ivar = 10; float fvar = 23.26f; // gives compile-time error ivar = ivar * fvar; Which solution works best? 1 ivar = (int) (ivar * fvar) ivar = ivar * (int) fvar 230 ivar = (int) ((float) ivar * fvar) ivar = (int) ivar * fvar Same Compile Error Lesson: write code that s easily understood.

30 Shorthand Operators counter = counter + 1; //OR: counter++; counter = counter - 1; //OR: counter--; counter = counter + 2; //OR: counter+=2; counter = counter * 5; //OR: counter*=5; Last two examples: it s op then equals (e.g., +=2), not equals then op (e.g., isn t =+2) We will see examples with recursion where the shorthand operator potentially causes a problem.

31 Documentation & Comments Three ways to do it: // Double slashes comment out everything until the end of the line /* This syntax comments out everything between the /* and the */. (There are no nested comments as in C++.) */ /** * This is syntax for Javadoc comments (similar to second style * of commenting, but allows for HTML formatting features. */

32 Commenting Issues Watch for comments that open, but never close: int x, y; /* * Here, we declare the * the point coordinates. // int z; */ Lesson: Java encourages clear code through the type of operators and comments it allows!

33 Java: Constants public final static <type> <IDer> = <value>; public final static int MIN_PASSING = 60; public final static float PI = (float) ; Details on why this syntax to come soon...

34 Java: Printing to Screen System.out.println(<argument>); System.out.println( ); // prints blank line System.out.println(5); // prints 5 System.out.println( Hello World ); // prints Hello World println vs. print in Java: println includes carriage return at end, next print or println on new line print causes next print or println to begin at next location on same line

35 Printing (cont d) When starting Java, there are at least three streams created for you: System.in // for getting input System.out // for output System.err // for bad news output These are InputStream and PrintStream objects

36 Printing (cont d) System.out.println ("This line is printed out") System.err.println ("This is the error stream's output"); These are both instances of the PrintStream class. There are other methods you might find useful in these classes: System.out.flush(); System.out.write(int); System.out.write(byte[] buf, int offset, int length);

37 Java Basics: Summary Java Programs Summary JVM, applications & applets Entry point is main() or init() Java Primitives and Operators Primitive data types Operators: straightforward except for = and == Your new friend: System.out.println( )

38 Additional Resources Oracle has a free online tutorial on Java. You should bookmark this resource.

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