Programming Agents with JADE for Multi-Agent Systems
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1 Programming Agents with JADE for Multi-Agent Systems Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer Based on Jade, Java and Eclipse documentation Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 1
2 Content Briefly about components JADE overview Setting up the Development Environment Installing JADE Installing Eclipse Setting Eclipse to work with JADE Book Trading example Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 2
3 Components, Java Java technology is a portfolio of products that are based on the power of networks and the idea that the same software should run on many different kinds of systems and devices. The Java programming language lets you write powerful, enterprise-worthy programs that run in the browser, from the desktop, on a server, or on a consumer device. Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 3
4 Components, Eclipse Eclipse is an open source community whose projects are focused on providing an extensible development platform and application frameworks for building software Eclipse provides extensible tools and frameworks that span the software development lifecycle, including support for modeling, language development environments for Java, C/C++ and others, testing and performance, business intelligence, rich client applications and embedded development Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 4
5 Components, JADE JADE (Java Agent DEvelopment Framework) is a software framework fully implemented in Java language. It simplifies the implementation of multi-agent systems through a middle-ware that claims to comply with the FIPA specifications and through a set of tools that supports the debugging and deployment phase. Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 5
6 JADE overview JADE is a middleware that facilitates the development of multi-agent systems. It includes A runtime environment where JADE agents can live and that must be active on a given host before one or more agents can be executed on that host. A library of classes that programmers have to/can use (directly or by specializing them) to develop their agents. A suite of graphical tools that allows administrating and monitoring the activity of running agents. Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 6
7 Containers and Platforms Each running instance of the JADE runtime environment is called a Container as it can contain several agents. The set of active containers is called a Platform. A single special Main container must always be active in a platform and all other containers register with it as soon as they start. Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 7
8 AMS The AMS (Agent Management System) that provides the naming service (i.e. ensures that each agent in the platform has a unique name) represents the authority in the platform (for instance it is possible to create/kill agents on remote containers by requesting that to the AMS). Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 8
9 DF The DF (Directory Facilitator) that provides a Yellow Pages service by means of which an agent can find other agents providing the services he requires in order to achieve his goals. Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 9
10 Sample architecture Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 10
11 JADE Requirements The only software requirement to execute the system is the Java Run Time Environment version 1.4 Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 11
12 Getting JADE All the software is distributed under the LGPL license limitations and it can be downloaded from the JADE web site Five compressed files are available: The source code of JADE The source code of the examples The documentation, including the javadoc of the JADE API and this programmer's guide The binary of JADE, i.e. the jar files with all the Java classes A full distribution with all the previous files Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 12
13 Installing JADE Download full distribution of JADE Extract JADE-all-3[1].2.zip Result is Extract JADE-bin-3.2.zip and JADE-doc- 3.2.zip to a folder of your choice for the development Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 13
14 Eclipse Requirements You will need a Java runtime environment (JRE) to use Eclipse. Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 14
15 Getting Eclipse download the Eclipse SDK Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 15
16 Installing Eclipse Extract eclipse-sdk-3.1-win32.zip to the folder of your choice Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 16
17 Running Eclipse Run eclipse.exe Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 17
18 Running Eclipse. Workspace Set arbitrary folder for the workspace Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 18
19 Running Eclipse. Close Welcome view Close the welcome view Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 19
20 Running Eclipse If you see this then you are ready Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 20
21 Creating a project in Eclipse Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 21
22 Creating a java project in Eclipse Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 22
23 Adding JADE libs to the project Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 23
24 Adding JADE libs to the project Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 24
25 Development Environment is ready Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 25
26 Testing Settings. Create TestAgent Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 26
27 Create TestAgent Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 27
28 TestAgent is created Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 28
29 Method setup() to run TestAgent The setup() method is intended to include agent initializations. Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 29
30 Override method setup() Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 30
31 Result of overriding Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 31
32 Print Hello message Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 32
33 Running JADE and TestAgent Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 33
34 Create JADE configuration to run Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 34
35 Create JADE configuration to run Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 35
36 Create JADE configuration to run Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 36
37 Create JADE configuration to run Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 37
38 Create JADE configuration to run Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 38
39 Result of Test Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 39
40 Book Trading Example It shows how to create simple JADE agents and how to make them executing tasks and communicate between each other. Some agents selling books and other agents buying books on behalf of their users. Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 40
41 Buyer Agent Receives the title of the book to buy (the target book ) as a command line argument Periodically requests all known seller agents to provide an offer As soon as an offer is received the buyer agent accepts it and issues a purchase order If more than one seller agent provides an offer the buyer agent accepts the best one (lowest price) Having bought the target book the buyer agent terminates Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 41
42 Seller Agent Has a minimal GUI by means of which the user can insert new titles Continuously wait for requests from buyer agents When asked to provide an offer for a book they check if the requested book is in their catalogue and in this case reply with the price. Otherwise they refuse. When they receive a purchase order they serve it and remove the requested book from their catalogue Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 42
43 setup() method The setup() method is intended to include agent initializations. Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 43
44 Agent identifiers Each agent is identified by an agent identifier represented as an instance of the jade.core.aid class. The getaid() method of the Agent class allows retrieving the agent identifier. An AID object includes a globally unique name plus a number of addresses. <nickname>@<platform-name> Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 44
45 Assigning name The ISLString nickname = Peter ; AID id = new AID(nickname, AID.ISLOCALNAME); OCALNAME constant indicates that the first parameter represents the nickname (local to the platform) and not the globally unique name of the agent. Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 45
46 Running JADE The first part of the above output is the JADE disclaimer The indication that a container called Main-Container is ready completes the JADE runtime startup. When the JADE runtime is up our agent is started and prints its welcome message The platform name arman:1099/jade is automatically assigned on the basis of the host and port we are Ass.Lecturer running Noor JADE Thameron 46
47 Agent termination Even if it does not have anything else to do after printing the welcome message, our agent is still running. In order to make it terminate its dodelete() method must be called. The takedown() method is invoked just before an agent terminates and is intended to include agent clean-up operations. Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 47
48 dodelete() and takedown() Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 48
49 Passing arguments to an agent Agents may get start-up arguments specified on the command line. These arguments can be retrieved, as an array of Object, by means of the getarguments() method of the Agent class. We want our BookBuyerAgent to get the title of the book to buy as a command line argument. Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 49
50 Taking target book as argument Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 50
51 Passing book title Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 51
52 Trying to buy Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 52
53 Agent Tasks The actual job an agent has to do is typically carried out within behaviours A behaviour is implemented as an object of a class that extends jade.core.behaviours.behaviour. Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 53
54 Behaviour In order to make an agent execute the task implemented by a behaviour object it is sufficient to add the behaviour to the agent by means of the addbehaviour() method of the Agent class. Behaviours can be added at any time: when an agent starts (in the setup() method) or from within other behaviours. Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 54
55 action() and done() methods Each class extending Behaviour must implement the action() method actually defines the operations to be performed when the behaviour is in execution the done() method (returns a boolean value), that specifies whether or not a behaviour has completed and have to be removed from the pool of behaviours of an agent Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 55
56 onstart( ), onend( ) methods Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 56
57 Behaviours scheduling and execution An agent can execute several behaviours concurrently. It is important to notice that scheduling of behaviours in an agent is not pre-emptive (as for Java threads) but cooperative. This means that when a behaviour is scheduled for execution its action() method is called and runs until it returns. Therefore it is the programmer who defines when an agent switches from the execution of a behaviour to the execution of the next one. Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 57
58 Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 58
59 Overbearing Behaviour A behaviour prevents any other behaviour to be executed since its action() method never returns. Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 59
60 No Behaviours When there are no behaviours available for execution the agent s thread goes to sleep in order not to consume CPU time. It is waken up as soon as there is again a behaviour available for execution. Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 60
61 One-shot behaviours Complete immediately and action() method is executed only once. The jade.core.behaviours.oneshotbehaviour already implements the done() method by returning true and can be conveniently extended to implement one-shot behaviours. Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 61
62 Cyclic behaviours Never complete and action() method executes each time it is called. The jade.core.behaviours.cyclicbehaviour already implements the done() method by returning false and can be conveniently extended to implement cyclic behaviours. Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 62
63 Generic behaviours Generic behaviours that embeds a status and execute different operations depending on that status. They complete when a given condition is met. Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 63
64 Complex Behaviours JADE provides the possibility of combining simple behaviours together to create complex behaviours. This feature is outside the scope. Refer to the Javadoc of the SequentialBehaviour, ParallelBehaviour and FSMBehaviour for the details. Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 64
65 Scheduling operations JADE provides two ready-made classes (in the jade.core.behaviours package) by means of which it is possible to easily implement behaviours that execute certain operations at given points in time. Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 65
66 Waker Behaviour action() and done() methods are already implemented in such a way to execute the handleelapsedtimeout() abstract method after a given timeout (specified in the constructor) expires. After the execution of the handleelapsedtimeout() method the behaviour completes. Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 66
67 Waker Behaviour Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 67
68 Waker Behaviour Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 68
69 Ticker Behaviour action() and done() methods are already implemented in such a way to execute the ontick() abstract method repetitively waiting a given period (specified in the constructor) after each execution. A TickerBehaviour never completes. Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 69
70 Ticker Behaviour Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 70
71 Book-buyer agent behaviours Book-buyer agent periodically requests seller agents the book it was instructed to buy. We can easily achieve that by using a TickerBehaviour that, on each tick, adds another behaviour that actually deals with the request to seller agents. Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 71
72 TickerBehaviour Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 72
73 Book-seller agent behaviours Book-seller agent waits for requests from buyer agents and serves them requests to provide an offer for a book purchase orders two cyclic behaviours: one dedicated to serve requests for offer the other dedicated to serve purchase orders a one-shot behaviour updating the catalogue of books Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 73
74 Result Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 74
75 Agent Communication The communication paradigm adopted is the asynchronous message passing. Each agent has a sort of mailbox (the agent message queue) where the JADE runtime posts messages. Whenever a message is posted in the message queue the receiving agent is notified. If and when the agent actually picks up the message from the message queue is completely up to the programmer. Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 75
76 Messaging Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 76
77 ACL language Messages exchanged by JADE agents have a format specified by the ACL language defined by the FIPA ( international standard for agent interoperability. Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 77
78 Message Fields The sender of the message The list of receivers The performative The content The content language i.e. the syntax used to express the content The ontology i.e. the vocabulary of the symbols used in the content and their meaning Some fields used to control several concurrent conversations and to specify timeouts for receiving a reply such as conversation-id, reply-with, inreply-to, reply-by. Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 78
79 Performative The communicative intention (also called performative ) indicating what the sender intends to achieve by sending the message. The performative can be REQUEST, if the sender wants the receiver to perform an action, INFORM, if the sender wants the receiver to be aware a fact, QUERY_IF, if the sender wants to know whether or not a given condition holds, CFP (call for proposal), PROPOSE, ACCEPT_PROPOSAL, REJECT_PROPOSAL, Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 79 and more.
80 Message in JADE A message in JADE is implemented as an object of the jade.lang.acl.aclmessage class It provides get and set methods for handling all fields of a message After filling the fields of an ACLMessage object Call the send() method of the Agent class Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 80
81 Message Example Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 81
82 Who to sends massages by One-shot behaviours The message will be send to agent who local name is agent007. If you want to send objects use msg.setcontentobject(obj); Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 82
83 Messages of scenario CFP to request an offer for a book PROPOSE for messages carrying seller offers ACCEPT_PROPOSAL for messages carrying offer acceptance REFUSE for messages sent by seller agents when the requested book is not in their catalogue Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 83
84 Messages of scenario In both types of messages sent by buyer agents we assume that the message content is the title of the book. The content of PROPOSE messages will be the price of the book. Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 84
85 CFP message Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 85
86 Receiving messages An agent can pick up messages by means of the receive() method. This method returns the first message in the message queue (removing it) null if the message queue is empty Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 86
87 Receive and Type Massage by Cyclic behaviours Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 87
88 Seller behaviours Behaviours that process messages received by other agents the case for the OfferRequestsServer and PurchaseOrdersServer behaviours behaviour must be continuously running must check if a message has been received and process it The two behaviours are very similar Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 88
89 OfferRequestsServer behaviour The behaviour used by Book-seller agents to serve incoming requests for offer from buyer agents If the requested book is in the local catalogue the seller agent replies with a PROPOSE message specifying the price otherwise a REFUSE message is sent back Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 89
90 Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 90
91 createreply() method The createreply() method of the ACLMessage class automatically creates a new ACLMessage properly setting the receivers and all the fields used to control the conversation conversation-id reply-with in-reply-to Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 91
92 Blocking of behaviour When we add the above behaviour, the agent s thread starts a continuous loop To avoid that we would like to execute the action() method only when a new message is received We can use the block() method of the Behaviour class Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 92
93 Right approach The code is the typical (and strongly suggested) pattern for receiving messages inside a behaviour Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 93
94 Selecting messages with given characteristics from the message queue How can we be sure that the OfferRequestsServer behaviour picks up from the agent s message queue only messages carrying requests for offer and the PurchaseOrdersServer behaviour only messages carrying purchase orders? Specifying proper templates when we call the receive() method we solve the problem Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 94
95 Message Template Such templates are implemented as instances of the jade.lang.acl.messagetemplate class that provides a number of factory methods to create templates in a very simple and flexible way Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 95
96 Adding templates We modify the action() method of the OfferRequestsServer so that the call to myagent.receive() ignores all messages except those whose performative is CFP Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 96
97 Complex conversations The RequestPerformer behaviour represents an example of a behaviour carrying out a complex conversation A conversation is a sequence of messages exchanged by two or more agents with well defined causal and temporal relations Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 97
98 RequestPerformer behaviour Buyer has to send a CFP message to several agents get back all the replies in case at least one PROPOSE reply is received, send a further ACCEPT_PROPOSAL message get back the response Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 98
99 Yellow Pages Service We have assumed that there is a fixed set of seller agents (seller1 and seller2) Each buyer agent already knows them How to get rid of this assumption? Exploit the yellow pages service provided by the JADE platform Make buyer agents dynamically discover seller agents available at a given point in time Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 99
100 The DF agent A yellow pages service allows agents to publish one or more services they provide so that other agents can find and successively exploit them The yellow pages service in JADE is an agent called DF (Directory Facilitator) Each FIPA compliant platform hosts a default DF agent Other DF agents can be activated and several DF agents can be federated so that to provide a single distributed yellow pages catalogue Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 100
101 Example Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 101
102 Interacting with the DF it is possible to interact with DF as usual by exchanging ACL messages using a proper content language (the SL0 language) and a proper ontology (the FIPA-agent-management ontology) In order to simplify these interactions, however JADE provides the jade.domain.dfservice class by means of which it is possible to publish and search for services through method calls Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 102
103 Publishing services An agent must provide the DF with a description including its AID, possibly the list of languages and ontologies that other agents need to know to interact with it and the list of published services For each published service a description is provided including the service type, the service name, the languages and ontologies required to exploit that service and a number of servicespecific properties The DFAgentDescription, ServiceDescription and Property classes, included in the jade.domain.fipaagentmanagement package, represent the three mentioned abstractions Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 103
104 Find and Type Agents have Registered Service Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 104
105 To publish a book selling service An agent must create a proper description and call the DFService.register() Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 105
106 Register Agent in Yellow Pages Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 106
107 De-registration When an agent terminates it is a good practice to de-register published services Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 107
108 Deregister from YP Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 108
109 Searching for services An agent wishing to search for services must provide the DF with a template description The result of the search is the list of all the descriptions that match the provided template A description matches the template if all the fields specified in the template are present in the description with the same values The search() static method of the DFService class can be used Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 109
110 Update the list of seller agents Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 110
111 DF subscription Note that the update of the list of known seller agents is done before each attempt to buy the target book since seller agents may dynamically appear and disappear in the system The DFService class also provides support for subscribing to the DF to be notified as soon as an agent publishes a given service (see the searchuntilfound() and createsubscriptionmessage() methods Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 111
112 How to clone and migrate agent? doclone(location arg0, String arg1) and domove(location arg0). Can agent shut down platform? AMS (Agent Management System) is a special agent and only he has the ability to create and delete other agents, containers or closed platform. The agent may, however, require the closure of the AMS platform. Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 112
113 Inspector agent IntrospectorAgent allows you to select the agent and monitoring its behavior and messages that come to him and he is sent, it is possible to both view the agent message queue (waiting to receive) as well as those received. Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 113
114 Inspector agent Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 114
115 Sniffer agent. Sniffer shows the flow of messages between agents in the perspective of many agents that have been selected as objects monitoring. You can tell that he catches the messages on the fly, and shows us their use. Creates diagrams similar to UML. Sample record of the interaction between agents rma (gui), UserAgent and ServiceAgent as follows: Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 115
116 Sniffer agent. Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 116
117 Dummy agent. It is a tool for monitoring and debugging. Creates a graphical interface. Using the GUI, we can create an ACL messages and send them to other agents. You can view all the messages sent and received. Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 117
118 Dummy agent. Ass.Lecturer Noor Thamer 118
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