List of Figures. About the Authors. Acknowledgments

Transcription

1 List of Figures Preface About the Authors Acknowledgments xiii xvii xxiii xxv 1 Compilation Compilers Programming Languages Machine Languages Why Should We Study Compilers? How Does a Compiler Work? The Phases of Compilation Front End Back End Middle End Advantages to Decomposition Compiling to a Virtual Machine: New Boundaries Compiling JVM Code to a Register Architecture An Overview of the j-- to JVM Compiler j-- Compiler Organization Scanner Parser AST Types Symbol Table preanalyze() and analyze() Stack Frames codegen() j-- Compiler Source Tree Organization of This Book Further Readings Exercises Lexical Analysis Introduction Scanning Tokens Regular Expressions Finite State Automata Non-Deterministic Finite-State Automata (NFA) versus Deterministic Finite-State Automata (DFA) vii

2 viii 2.6 Regular Expressions to NFA NFA to DFA Minimal DFA JavaCC: Tool for Generating Scanners Further Readings Exercises Parsing Introduction Context-Free Grammars and Languages Backus Naur Form (BNF) and Its Extensions Grammar and the Language It Describes Ambiguous Grammars and Unambiguous Grammars Top-Down Deterministic Parsing Parsing by Recursive Descent LL(1) Parsing Bottom-Up Deterministic Parsing Shift-Reduce Parsing Algorithm LR(1) Parsing LALR(1) Parsing LL or LR? Parser Generation Using JavaCC Further Readings Exercises Type Checking Introduction j-- Types Introduction to j-- Types Type Representation Problem Type Representation and Class Objects j-- Symbol Tables Contexts and Idefns: Declaring and Looking Up Types and Local Variables Finding Method and Field Names in Type Objects Pre-Analysis of j-- Programs An Introduction to Pre-Analysis JCompilationUnit.preAnalyze() JClassDeclaration.preAnalyze() JMethodDeclaration.preAnalyze() JFieldDeclaration.preAnalyze() Symbol Table Built by preanalyze() Analysis of j-- Programs Top of the AST Declaring Formal Parameters and Local Variables Simple Variables Field Selection and Message Expressions Typing Expressions and Enforcing the Type Rules Analyzing Cast Operations Java s Definite Assignment Rule Visitor Pattern and the AST Traversal Mechanism

3 ix 4.7 Programming Language Design and Symbol Table Structure Attribute Grammars Examples Formal Definition j-- Examples Further Readings Exercises JVM Code Generation Introduction Generating Code for Classes and Their Members Class Declarations Method Declarations Constructor Declarations Field Declarations Generating Code for Control and Logical Expressions Branching on Condition Short-Circuited && Logical Not! Generating Code for Message Expressions, Field Selection, and Array Access Expressions Message Expressions Field Selection Array Access Expressions Generating Code for Assignment and Similar Operations Issues in Compiling Assignment Comparing Left-Hand Sides and Operations Factoring Assignment-Like Operations Generating Code for String Concatenation Generating Code for Casts Further Readings Exercises Translating JVM Code to MIPS Code Introduction What Happens to JVM Code? What We Will Do Here, and Why Scope of Our Work SPIM and the MIPS Architecture MIPS Organization Memory Organization Registers Routine Call and Return Convention Input and Output Our Translator Organization of Our Translator HIR Control-Flow Graph Simple Optimizations on the HIR Low-Level Intermediate Representation (LIR) Simple Run-Time Environment Generating SPIM Code

4 x Peephole Optimization of the SPIM Code Further Readings Exercises Register Allocation Introduction Naïve Register Allocation Local Register Allocation Global Register Allocation Computing Liveness Intervals Linear Scan Register Allocation Register Allocation by Graph Coloring Further Readings Exercises Celebrity Compilers Introduction Java HotSpot Compiler Eclipse Compiler for Java (ECJ) GNU Java Compiler (GCJ) Overview GCJ in Detail Microsoft C# Compiler for.net Framework Introduction to.net Framework Microsoft C# Compiler Classic Just-in-Time Compilation in the CLR Further Readings Appendix A Setting Up and Running j A.1 Introduction A.2 Obtaining j A.3 What Is in the Distribution? A.3.1 Scripts A.3.2 Ant Targets A.4 Setting Up j-- for Command-Line Execution A.5 Setting Up j-- in Eclipse A.6 Running/Debugging the Compiler A.7 Testing Extensions to j A.8 Further Readings Appendix B j-- Language 299 B.1 Introduction B.2 j-- Program and Its Class Declarations B.3 j-- Types B.4 j-- Expressions and Operators B.5 j-- Statements and Declarations B.6 Syntax B.6.1 Lexical Grammar B.6.2 Syntactic Grammar B.6.3 Relationship of j-- to Java

5 xi Appendix C Java Syntax 307 C.1 Introduction C.2 Syntax C.2.1 Lexical Grammar C.2.2 Syntactic Grammar C.3 Further Readings Appendix D JVM, Class Files, and the CLEmitter 315 D.1 Introduction D.2 Java Virtual Machine (JVM) D.2.1 pc Register D.2.2 JVM Stacks and Stack Frames D.2.3 Heap D.2.4 Method Area D.2.5 Run-Time Constant Pool D.2.6 Abrupt Method Invocation Completion D.3 Class File D.3.1 Structure of a Class File D.3.2 Names and Descriptors D.4 CLEmitter D.4.1 CLEmitter Operation D.4.2 CLEmitter Interface D.5 JVM Instruction Set D.5.1 Object Instructions D.5.2 Field Instructions D.5.3 Method Instructions D.5.4 Array Instructions D.5.5 Arithmetic Instructions D.5.6 Bit Instructions D.5.7 Comparison Instructions D.5.8 Conversion Instructions D.5.9 Flow Control Instructions D.5.10 Load Store Instructions D.5.11 Stack Instructions D.5.12 Other Instructions D.6 Further Readings Appendix E MIPS and the SPIM Simulator 341 E.1 Introduction E.2 Obtaining and Running SPIM E.3 Compiling j-- Programs to SPIM Code E.4 Extending the JVM-to-SPIM Translator E.5 Further Readings Bibliography 345 Index 351