SOFTWARE MODELING AND DESIGN. UML, Use Cases, Patterns, and. Software Architectures. Ki Cambridge UNIVERSITY PRESS. Hassan Gomaa
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1 SOFTWARE MODELING AND DESIGN UML, Use Cases, Patterns, and Software Architectures Hassan Gomaa George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia Ki Cambridge UNIVERSITY PRESS
2 Contents Preface P"U<-' *v Annotated Table of Contents Acknowledgments xxv PART I Overview 1 introduction 1.1 Software Modeling Object-Oriented Methods and the Unified Modeling Language Software Architectural Design Method and Notation 1.5 COMET: A UML-Based Software Modeling and Design Method for Software Applications UML as a Standard 1.7 Multiple Views of Software Architecture Evolution of Software Modeling and Design Methods Evolution of Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Methods Survey of Concurrent, Distributed, and Real-Time Design Methods Summary 12 2 Overview of the UML Notation 2.1 UML Diagrams Use Case Diagrams Classes and Objects Class Diagrams Interaction Diagrams State Machine Diagrams Packages ! 2 14 vll
3 viii Contents 2.8 Concurrent Communication Diagrams Deployment Diagrams UML Extension Mechanisms Conventions Used in This Book Summary Software Life Cycle Models and Processes Software Life Cycle Models Design Verification and Validation Software Life Cycle Activities Software Testing Summary Software Design and Architecture Concepts Object-Oriented Concepts Information Hiding Inheritance and Generalization/Specialization Concurrent Processing Design Patterns Software Architecture and Components Software Quality Attributes Summary Overview of Software Modeling and Design Method COMET Use Case-Based Software Life Cycle Comparison of the COMET Life Cycle with Other Software Processes Requirements, Analysis, and Design Modeling Designing Software Architectures Summary PART II Software Modeling 6 Use Case Modeling Requirements Modeling Use Cases Actors Identifying Use Cases Documenting Use Cases in the Use Case Model Example of Use Case Description Use Case Relationships The Include Relationship The Extend Relationship Use Case Structuring Guidelines 88
4 Contents ix 6.11 Specifying Nonfunctional Requirements Use Case Packages Activity Diagrams Summary Static Modeling Associations between Classes Composition and Aggregation Hierarchies Generalization/Specialization Hierarchy Constraints Static Modeling and the UML Static Modeling of the System Context Categorization of Classes Using UML Stereotypes Modeling External Classes Static Modeling of Entity Classes HI 7.10 Summary Object and Class Structuring Object and Class Structuring Criteria Modeling Application Classes and Objects Object and Class Structuring Categories External Classes and Software Boundary Classes Boundary Classes and Objects Entity Classes and Objects Control Classes and Objects Application Logic Classes and Objects Summary Dynamic Interaction Modeling Object Interaction Modeling Message Sequence Numbering on Interaction Diagrams Dynamic Interaction Modeling Stateless Dynamic Interaction Modeling Examples of Stateless Dynamic Interaction Modeling Summary Finite State Machines 10.1 Finite State Machines and State Transitions Examples of Statecharts Events and Guard Conditions Actions Hierarchical Statecharts Guidelines for Developing Statecharts
5 x Contents 10.7 Developing Statecharts from Use Cases Example of Developing a Statechart from a Use Case Summary State-Dependent Dynamic Interaction Modeling Steps in State-Dependent Dynamic Interaction Modeling Modeling Interaction Scenarios Using Interaction Diagrams and Statecharts Example of State-Dependent Dynamic Interaction Modeling: Banking System Summary PART III Architectural Design 12 Overview of Software Architecture Software Architecture and Component-Based Software Architecture Multiple Views of a Software Architecture Software Architectural Patterns Documenting Software Architectural Patterns Interface Design Designing Software Architectures Summary Software Subsystem Architectural Design Issues in Software Architectural Design Integrated Communication Diagrams Separation of Concerns in Subsystem Design Subsystem Structuring Criteria Decisions about Message Communication between Subsystems Summary Designing Object-Oriented Software Architectures Concepts, Architectures, and Patterns Designing Information Hiding Classes Designing Class Interface and Operations Data Abstraction Classes State-Machine Classes Graphical User Interaction Classes Business Logic Classes Inheritance in Design Class Interface Specifications Detailed Design of Information Hiding Classes 246
6 Contents xl Polymorphism and Dynamic Binding Implementation of Classes in Java Summary Designing Client/Server Software Architectures Concepts, Architectures, and Patterns for Client/Server Architectures Client/Service Software Architectural Structure Patterns Architectural Communication Patterns for Client/Server Architectures Middleware in Client/Server Systems Design of Service Subsystems Design of Wrapper Classes From Static Models to Relational Database Design Summary Designing Service-Oriented Architectures Concepts, Architectures, and Patterns for Service-Oriented Architecture Software Architectural Broker Patterns Technology Support for Service-Oriented Architecture Software Architectural Transaction Patterns Negotiation Pattern Service Interface Design in Service-Oriented Architecture Service Coordination in Service-Oriented Architecture Designing Service-Oriented Architectures Service Reuse Summary Designing Component-Based Software Architectures Concepts, Architectures, and Patterns for Component-Based Software Architectures Designing Distributed Component-Based Software Architectures Composite Subsystems and Components Modeling Components with UML Component Structuring Criteria Group Message Communication Patterns Application Deployment Summary Designing Concurrent and Real-Time Software Architectures Concepts, Architectures, and Patterns for Concurrent and Real-Time Software Architectures 318
7 xii Contents 18.2 Characteristics of Real-Time Systems Control Patterns for Real-Time Software Architectures Concurrent Task Structuring I/O Task Structuring Criteria Internal Task Structuring Criteria Developing the Concurrent Task Architecture Task Communication and Synchronization Task Interface and Task Behavior Specifications Implementation of Concurrent Tasks in Java Summary Designing Software Product Line Architectures Evolutionary Software Product Line Engineering Requirements Modeling for Software Product Lines Analysis Modeling for Software Product Lines Dynamic State Machine Modeling for Software Product Lines Design Modeling for Software Product Lines Summary Software Quality Attributes Maintainability Modifiability Testability Traceability Scalability Reusability Performance Security Availability Summary PART IV Case Studies 21 Client/Server Software Architecture Case Study Problem Description Use Case Model Static Modeling Object Structuring Dynamic Modeling ATM Statechart Design of Banking System Integrating the Communication Model Structuring the System into Subsystems Design of ATM Client Subsystem 404
8 Contents xiii Design of Banking Service Subsystem Relational Database Design Deployment of Banking System Alternative Design Considerations Detailed Design Service-Oriented Architecture Case Study Problem Description Use Case Modeling Static Modeling Object and Class Structuring Dynamic Modeling Broker and Wrapper Technology Support for Service-Oriented Architecture Design Modeling Service Reuse Component-Based Software Architecture Case Study Problem Description Use Case Modeling Static Modeling Dynamic Modeling Design Modeling Software Component Deployment Real-Time Software Architecture Case Study Problem Description Use Case Modeling Static Modeling Object and Class Structuring Dynamic State Machine Modeling Dynamic Interaction Modeling Design Modeling 482 Appendix A: Catalog of Software Architectural Patterns 495 Appendix B: Teaching Considerations 521 Glossary 523 Answers to 537 Bibliography 539 Index 547
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