Chapter 6 Class and Method
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1 BIT 3383 Java Programming Learning Outcomes: Chapter 6 Class and Method You will be able to: know about class and objects concept know about predefined classes and methods in Java Updated by Suriawati Suparjoh, Faculty of Information Technology and Multimedia, September 2009 Updated by Suriawati Suparjoh, Faculty of Information Technology and Multimedia, July 2008 Definition A collection of a specific number of components. The components of a class are called the members of the class. Syntax Behavior of the class modifier (s) class ClassIdentifier modifier(s) classmembers Consists of constant, variable declarations and/or methods, class A member of a class can be a variable or method The data members of a class are also called fields. The member of a class can be categorized into private, public and protected. If a member of a class is private, it cannot be accessed directly outside the class. If a member of a class is public, it can be accessed directly outside the class
2 Class public class Rectangle private int length; private int width = 5; private int thearea;.. Data members of a class Modifier visibility static abstract final throws Class Description Can be one of the values: public, protected, or private. Determines what classes can invoke the method. The method can be invoked on the class instead of an instance of the class. The method is not implemented. The class must be extended and the method must be implemented in the subclass. The method cannot be overridden in a subclass. A list of exceptions thrown from this method. Reference Variable Declaration Object Once a class is defined, reference variable of that class type can be declared. of reference variable: Thermometer mytemp; Thermometer yourtemp; class Object is an instance of a class. An object represents an entity in the real world that can be identified. : a student, a button, a car, a circle, a computer,etc. An object has unique identity, state (data fields/properties) and behaviors(method). Create object of a class using operator new. Syntax class_name object_variable = new class_name(); An object of a class is not created until new() operator is created. Object declaration states what type of object a variable is to represent. The new() operator returns a reference to instance of a class. The process of creating object from a class is called instantiation. 2
3 The new() operator returns the location of the object which you assign to a reference type. Object is used to call or invoke method of a class or member of a class. Object is also used to get values of method and attribute of a class. : class Cube private int length = 10; private int breadth = 10; private int height = 10; Cube cubeobj; //Creates a Cube Reference cubeobj = new Cube(); //Creates an Object of Cube Method Method Method is function or behavior. Objects communicate to each other through method. Determine what instance of the class do to change their internal state. Provide functionality provided with an entire class Methods are used to divide complicated programs into manageable pieces (often called modules) Grouping statements together to perform a function Predefined methods are already written method provided by Java such as System.exit(), Double.parseDouble(),Math.pow(),etc. Use import<package> statement to call the predefined methods. User-defined methods are methods that you create. Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Identify the behavior of a class/an object Identify the class method Define the class method Place the class method inside class Syntax modifier(s)returntype methodname(parameter list) statements (s) User defined methods in Java have two categories: Value-returning methods methods that have a return data type Void methods methods that do not have a return data type. 3
4 Value-returning method with single argument Value-returning method with multiple arguments public static int abs(int number) if (number < 0) number = -number; return number; Returning value public static double larger(double x,double y) double max; if (x >= y) max = x; else max = y; return max; Returning value Void method with single argument Void method with multiple arguments public static void abs(int number) if (number < 0) number = -number; System.out.println(number); public static void larger(double x,double y) double max; if (x >= y) max = x; else max = y; System.out.println(max); : public class Rectangle static int length = 10; static int width = 5; static int thearea; public static void calculatearea() thearea = length * width; System.out.println(theArea); of method named calculatearea() Exercise class Employee private float payperhour, totalpay; private int workhour; public static void main (String[] args) payperhour = 50.00; workhour = 8; totalpay = payperhour * workhour; Write a method that calculate employee s salary 4
5 Accessor and Mutator Method Accessor method : A method of a class that only accesses the values of the data members (getters) Mutator method: A method of a class that modifies the value(s) of one or more data member(s)-setters. : class Cube int length = 10; int breadth = 10; int height = 10; public int getvolume( ) return ( length * breadth * height ); Cube cubeobj = new Cube(); How object can call/invoke a method? Exercise : class Cube private int length = 10; private int breadth = 10; private int height = 10; public int getvolume( ) return ( length * breadth * height ); How object can call/invoke a method? Cube cubeobj = new Cube(); System.out.println("Volume of Cube is : "+ cubeobj.getvolume()); class Rectangle static int length = 10; static int width = 5; static int thearea; public void calculatearea() thearea = length * width; System.out.println(theArea); 1. Create an object for class Rectangle 2. By using an object, invoke a method from class Rectangle 3. What is the output? Method tostring() Method tostring() Method used to output the values of the data members. The heading of the method is : public String tostring() Method tostring is a value-returning method and it returns a reference to a String object. When a reference to an object is provided as a parameter to the methods print,println and printf, the tostring method is called. public String tostring() return Current temperature: + CurrentTemp; 5
6 Method tostring() Suppose that mytemp is a Thermometer object. The value of this object is 40(currentTemp). Then, the output of the statement: System.out.println(myTemp); Current temperature: 40 CONCEPT Constructor A special type of method which has the same name as the class. Executes automatically when an object of that class is created. Has no return type, not even void. A class can have more than one constructor but with the same name and different parameter. Definition Constructor EXAMPLES Constructor Two types of constructors : 1) constructor with parameters and 2)constructor without parameters (default constructor) For multiple constructors, it depends on the number and types of values passed to the class object. The example heading of the default constructor is: public Thermometer() currenttemp = 0; The example heading of the constructor with parameters is: public Thermometer(int ctemp) currenttemp = ctemp; Overloading Methods and Constructor Overloading Methods and Constructor CONCEPT Two or more methods in a class may have the same name as long as their parameter lists are different. This also applies to constructors. Method overloading. public void methodone() public void methodone(int x, int z); public void methodone(double a, int b) Different parameter lists Many objects can be created based on different types of constructor 6
7 Overloading Methods and Constructor Designing a Class public class Thermo private double Celcius; private double Fahrenheit; public Thermo() 1 Celcius = 0.0; Fahrenheit = 0.0; public Thermo(double c,double f) Celcius = c; Fahrenheit = f; 2 Call first constructor public static void main(string args[]) Thermo tm1 = new Thermo(); Thermo tm2 = new Thermo (26.1,66.3); Call second constructor A class named Rectangle has the following fields: length width The Rectangle class will also have the following methods: setlength (store a value in an object s length field) setwidth(store a value in an object s width field) getlength getwidth getarea(return the area of the rectangle) UML Class Diagram Data member Designing a Class Rectangle length width setlength() s e tw id th () getlength() getwidth() getarea() Class name Method/operation A class diagram created using Rational Rose Enterprise Edition public class Rectangle private int length; private int width; public Rectangle() length = 11; width = 6; public void setlength(int l) length = l; public void setwidth(int w) width = w; Implementing a Class public int getlength() return length; public int getwidth() return width; public int getarea() return length * width; public static void main(string args[]) Rectangle rect = new Rectangle(); rect.setlength(12); rect.setwidth(5); System.out.println( Length: +rect.getlength()); System.out.println( Width: +rect.getwidth()); System.out.println( Area: +rect.getarea(); References Introduction to Java : Comprehensive Version, Y.Daniel Liang (2009), Prentice-Hall. Starting Out with Java: From Control Structures through Objects, Fourth Edition,Tony Gaddis(2008), Pearson. Java Programming,Fourth Edition, Joyce Farrell (2008), Thompson Course Technology Java Programming : Guided Learning through Objects, D.S. Malik & RobertP. Burton (2009),CENGAGE Learning 7
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