Introduction to Information Retrieval IIR 1: Boolean Retrieval

Transcription

1 .. Introduction to Information Retrieval IIR 1: Boolean Retrieval Mihai Surdeanu (Based on slides by Hinrich Schütze at informationretrieval.org) Fall 2014 Boolean Retrieval 1 / 77

2 Take-away Why you should take this course Admin issues Boolean Retrieval: Design and data structures of a simple information retrieval system What topics will be covered in this class? Boolean Retrieval 2 / 77

3 Outline. 1 Administration. 2 Introduction. 3 Inverted index. 4 Processing Boolean queries. 5 Query optimization. 6 Course overview Boolean Retrieval 3 / 77

4 Website and Syllabus Website: ista556-fall14/ Syllabus: ista556-fall14/ir-syllabus.pdf See website and syllabus for: instructor information, time/location of class, textbook, grading policy Boolean Retrieval 4 / 77

5 Prerequisites Be a decent programmer: ISTA 350 or equivalent Have a basic understanding of linear algebra: Math 215 (linear algebra), or at least Calc 2 and willingness to learn on your own. Boolean Retrieval 5 / 77

6 Prerequisites: does this look scary?. IntersectWithSkips(p 1, p 2 ) 1 answer 2 while p 1 nil and p 2 nil 3 do if docid(p 1 ) = docid(p 2 ) 4 then Add(answer, docid(p 1 )) 5 p 1 next(p 1 ) 6 p 2 next(p 2 ) 7 else if docid(p 1 ) < docid(p 2 ) 8 then if hasskip(p 1 ) and (docid(skip(p 1 )) docid(p 2 )) 9 then while hasskip(p 1 ) and (docid(skip(p 1 )) docid(p 2 )) 10 do p 1 skip(p 1 ) 11 else p 1 next(p 1 ) 12 else if hasskip(p 2 ) and (docid(skip(p 2 )) docid(p 1 )) 13 then while hasskip(p 2 ) and (docid(skip(p 2 )) docid(p 1 )) 14 do p 2 skip(p 2 ) 15 else p 2 next(p 2 ) 16 return answer Boolean Retrieval 6 / 77

7 Prerequisites: does this look scary?. x 2 = i x 2 i cos( q, d) = sim( q, d) = q d q d = V V i=1 q2 i i=1 q id i V i=1 d i 2 Dot product, matrix multiplication, Bayes rule Boolean Retrieval 7 / 77

8 Other relevant UA courses 1. Machine Learning (ISTA 421/521) 2. Statistical Natural Language Processing (LING 439/539) 3. Applied Natural Language Processing (ISTA 455/555) Boolean Retrieval 8 / 77

9 Choosing a programming language My recommendations Scala Java Python C/C++ Boolean Retrieval 9 / 77

10 Java Pros Pretty fast Probably the most common language for IR and NLP Clean exception handling Statically typed Garbage collection Several great IDEs Cons Syntax too verbose Inconsistent semantics due to enforced backwards compatibility (primitive types vs. objects, equality, etc.) Boolean Retrieval 10 / 77

11 Scala Pros Pretty fast Hot language for IR, NLP, ML, distributed computing, web development Clean, transparent exception handling Clean, minimalist syntax Consistent semantics Statically typed Garbage collection At least one great IDE (IntelliJ) Fully compatible with Java (use all Java libraries) Cons It has some dark corners Backwards compatibility not guaranteed Boolean Retrieval 11 / 77

12 Python Pros Clean syntax Popular: many NLP/ML libraries exist Clean exception handling Cons Slow Dynamically typed No great IDE Boolean Retrieval 12 / 77

13 C/C++ Pros As fast as it gets Cons Too many to list Boolean Retrieval 13 / 77

14 Comparison More benchmarks: Boolean Retrieval 14 / 77

15 Outline. 1 Administration. 2 Introduction. 3 Inverted index. 4 Processing Boolean queries. 5 Query optimization. 6 Course overview Boolean Retrieval 15 / 77

16 Definition of information retrieval Information retrieval (IR) is finding material (usually documents) of an unstructured nature (usually text) that satisfies an information need from within large collections (usually stored on computers). Boolean Retrieval 16 / 77

17 Definition of information retrieval Information retrieval (IR) is finding material (usually documents) of an unstructured nature (usually text) that satisfies an information need from within large collections (usually stored on computers). Boolean Retrieval 16 / 77

18 Definition of information retrieval Information retrieval (IR) is finding material (usually documents) of an unstructured nature (usually text) that satisfies an information need from within large collections (usually stored on computers). Boolean Retrieval 16 / 77

19 Definition of information retrieval Information retrieval (IR) is finding material (usually documents) of an unstructured nature (usually text) that satisfies an information need from within large collections (usually stored on computers). Boolean Retrieval 16 / 77

20 Definition of information retrieval Information retrieval (IR) is finding material (usually documents) of an unstructured nature (usually text) that satisfies an information need from within large collections (usually stored on computers). Boolean Retrieval 16 / 77

21 Definition of information retrieval Information retrieval (IR) is finding material (usually documents) of an unstructured nature (usually text) that satisfies an information need from within large collections (usually stored on computers). Boolean Retrieval 16 / 77

22 Definition of information retrieval Information retrieval (IR) is finding material (usually documents) of an unstructured nature (usually text) that satisfies an information need from within large collections (usually stored on computers). Boolean Retrieval 16 / 77

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25 Companies using IR Google, Yahoo, Microsoft: search web, , choose ads Facebook: search friends posts, choose wall Twitter: search tweets HP Autonomy: enterprise search Pandora: music (!) search Boolean Retrieval 19 / 77

26 Boolean retrieval The Boolean model is arguably the simplest model to base an information retrieval system on. Queries are Boolean expressions, e.g., Caesar and Brutus The seach engine returns all documents that satisfy the Boolean expression. Boolean Retrieval 20 / 77

27 Boolean retrieval The Boolean model is arguably the simplest model to base an information retrieval system on. Queries are Boolean expressions, e.g., Caesar and Brutus The seach engine returns all documents that satisfy the Boolean expression. Does Google use the Boolean model? Boolean Retrieval 20 / 77

28 Does Google use the Boolean model? On Google, the default interpretation of a query [w 1 w 2... w n ] is w 1 AND w 2 AND... AND w n Cases where you get hits that do not contain one of the w i : anchor text page contains variant of w i (morphology, spelling correction, synonym) long queries (n large) boolean expression generates very few hits Simple Boolean vs. Ranking of result set Simple Boolean retrieval returns matching documents in no particular order. Google (and most well designed Boolean engines) rank the result set they rank good hits (according to some estimator of relevance) higher than bad hits. Boolean Retrieval 21 / 77

29 Outline. 1 Administration. 2 Introduction. 3 Inverted index. 4 Processing Boolean queries. 5 Query optimization. 6 Course overview Boolean Retrieval 22 / 77

30 Administration Introduction Inverted index Processing Boolean queries Query optimization Course overview Unstructured data in 1650: Shakespeare Boolean Retrieval 23 / 77

31 Unstructured data in 1650 Which plays of Shakespeare contain the words Brutus and Caesar, but not Calpurnia? One could grep all of Shakespeare s plays for Brutus and Caesar, then strip out lines containing Calpurnia. Why is grep not the solution? Boolean Retrieval 24 / 77

32 Unstructured data in 1650 Which plays of Shakespeare contain the words Brutus and Caesar, but not Calpurnia? One could grep all of Shakespeare s plays for Brutus and Caesar, then strip out lines containing Calpurnia. Why is grep not the solution? Slow (for large collections) grep is line-oriented, IR is document-oriented not Calpurnia is non-trivial Other operations (e.g., find the word Romans near countryman) not feasible Boolean Retrieval 24 / 77

33 Term-document incidence matrix. Anthony Julius The Hamlet Othello Macbeth... and Caesar Tempest Cleopatra Anthony Brutus Caesar Calpurnia Cleopatra mercy worser Entry is 1 if term occurs. Example: Calpurnia occurs in Julius Caesar. Entry is 0 if term doesn t occur. Example: Calpurnia doesn t occur in The tempest. Boolean Retrieval 25 / 77

34 Term-document incidence matrix. Anthony Julius The Hamlet Othello Macbeth... and Caesar Tempest Cleopatra Anthony Brutus Caesar Calpurnia Cleopatra mercy worser Entry is 1 if term occurs. Example: Calpurnia occurs in Julius Caesar. Entry is 0 if term doesn t occur. Example: Calpurnia doesn t occur in The tempest. Boolean Retrieval 25 / 77

35 Term-document incidence matrix. Anthony Julius The Hamlet Othello Macbeth... and Caesar Tempest Cleopatra Anthony Brutus Caesar Calpurnia Cleopatra mercy worser Entry is 1 if term occurs. Example: Calpurnia occurs in Julius Caesar. Entry is 0 if term doesn t occur. Example: Calpurnia doesn t occur in The tempest. Boolean Retrieval 25 / 77

36 Incidence vectors So we have a 0/1 vector for each term. To answer the query Brutus and Caesar and not Calpurnia: Boolean Retrieval 26 / 77

37 Incidence vectors So we have a 0/1 vector for each term. To answer the query Brutus and Caesar and not Calpurnia: Take the vectors for Brutus, Caesar, and Calpurnia Complement the vector of Calpurnia Do a (bitwise) and on the three vectors and and = Boolean Retrieval 26 / 77

38 0/1 vector for Brutus. Anthony Julius The Hamlet Othello Macbeth... and Caesar Tempest Cleopatra Anthony Brutus Caesar Calpurnia Cleopatra mercy worser result: Boolean Retrieval 27 / 77

39 Answers to query Anthony and Cleopatra, Act III, Scene ii Agrippa [Aside to Domitius Enobarbus]: Why, Enobarbus, When Antony found Julius Caesar dead, He cried almost to roaring; and he wept When at Philippi he found Brutus slain. Hamlet, Act III, Scene ii Lord Polonius: I did enact Julius Caesar: I was killed i the Capitol; Brutus killed me. Boolean Retrieval 28 / 77

40 Bigger collections Consider N = 10 6 documents, each with about 1000 tokens total of 10 9 tokens On average 6 bytes per token, including spaces and punctuation size of document collection is about = 6 GB Assume there are M = 500,000 distinct terms in the collection (Notice that we are making a term/token distinction.) Boolean Retrieval 29 / 77

41 Can t build the incidence matrix M = 500, = half a trillion 0s and 1s. But the matrix has no more than one billion 1s. Matrix is extremely sparse. What is a better representations? We only record the 1s. Boolean Retrieval 30 / 77

42 Inverted Index For each term t, we store a list of all documents that contain t. Brutus Caesar Calpurnia }{{}}{{} dictionary postings Boolean Retrieval 31 / 77

43 Inverted Index For each term t, we store a list of all documents that contain t. Brutus Caesar Calpurnia }{{}}{{} dictionary postings Boolean Retrieval 31 / 77

44 Inverted Index For each term t, we store a list of all documents that contain t. Brutus Caesar Calpurnia }{{}}{{} dictionary postings Boolean Retrieval 31 / 77

45 Inverted index construction 1. Collect the documents to be indexed: Friends, Romans, countrymen. So let it be with Caesar Tokenize the text, turning each document into a list of tokens: Friends Romans countrymen So Do linguistic preprocessing, producing a list of normalized tokens, which are the indexing terms: friend roman countryman so Index the documents that each term occurs in by creating an inverted index, consisting of a dictionary and postings. Boolean Retrieval 32 / 77

46 Tokenization and preprocessing. Doc 1. I did enact Julius Caesar: I was killed i the Capitol; Brutus killed me. Doc 2. So let it be with Caesar. The noble Brutus hath told you Caesar was ambitious: = Doc 1. i did enact julius caesar i was killed i the capitol brutus killed me Doc 2. so let it be with caesar the noble brutus hath told you caesar was ambitious Boolean Retrieval 33 / 77

47 Generate postings. Doc 1. i did enact julius caesar i was killed i the capitol brutus killed me Doc 2. so let it be with caesar the noble brutus hath told you caesar was ambitious = term docid i 1 did 1 enact 1 julius 1 caesar 1 i 1 was 1 killed 1 i 1 the 1 capitol 1 brutus 1 killed 1 me 1 so 2 let 2 it 2 be 2 with 2 caesar 2 the 2 noble 2 brutus 2 hath 2 told 2 you 2 caesar 2 was 2 ambitious 2 Boolean Retrieval 34 / 77

48 Sort postings. term docid i 1 did 1 enact 1 julius 1 caesar 1 i 1 was 1 killed 1 i 1 the 1 capitol 1 brutus 1 killed 1 me 1 so 2 = let 2 it 2 be 2 with 2 caesar 2 the 2 noble 2 brutus 2 hath 2 told 2 you 2 caesar 2 was 2 ambitious 2 term docid ambitious 2 be 2 brutus 1 brutus 2 capitol 1 caesar 1 caesar 2 caesar 2 did 1 enact 1 hath 1 i 1 i 1 i 1 it 2 julius 1 killed 1 killed 1 let 2 me 1 noble 2 so 2 the 1 the 2 told 2 you 2 was 1 was 2 with 2 Boolean Retrieval 35 / 77

49 Create postings lists, determine document frequency. term docid ambitious 2 be 2 brutus 1 brutus 2 capitol 1 caesar 1 caesar 2 caesar 2 did 1 enact 1 hath 1 i 1 i 1 i 1 it 2 = julius 1 killed 1 killed 1 let 2 me 1 noble 2 so 2 the 1 the 2 told 2 you 2 was 1 was 2 with 2 term doc. freq. postings lists ambitious 1 2 be 1 2 brutus capitol 1 1 caesar did 1 1 enact 1 1 hath 1 2 i 1 1 i 1 1 it 1 2 julius 1 1 killed 1 1 let 1 2 me 1 1 noble 1 2 so 1 2 the told 1 2 you 1 2 was with 1 2 Boolean Retrieval 36 / 77

50 Split the result into dictionary and postings file Brutus Caesar Calpurnia }{{}}{{} dictionary postings file Boolean Retrieval 37 / 77

51 Later in this course Index construction: how can we create inverted indexes for large collections? How much space do we need for dictionary and index? Index compression: how can we efficiently store and process indexes for large collections? Ranked retrieval: what does the inverted index look like when we want the best answer? Boolean Retrieval 38 / 77

52 Outline. 1 Administration. 2 Introduction. 3 Inverted index. 4 Processing Boolean queries. 5 Query optimization. 6 Course overview Boolean Retrieval 39 / 77

53 Simple conjunctive query (two terms) Consider the query: Brutus AND Calpurnia To find all matching documents using inverted index: 1. Locate Brutus in the dictionary 2. Retrieve its postings list from the postings file 3. Locate Calpurnia in the dictionary 4. Retrieve its postings list from the postings file 5. Intersect the two postings lists 6. Return intersection to user Boolean Retrieval 40 / 77

54 Intersecting two postings lists Brutus Calpurnia Intersection = Boolean Retrieval 41 / 77

55 Intersecting two postings lists Brutus Calpurnia Intersection = Boolean Retrieval 41 / 77

56 Intersecting two postings lists Brutus Calpurnia Intersection = Boolean Retrieval 41 / 77

57 Intersecting two postings lists Brutus Calpurnia Intersection = 2 Boolean Retrieval 41 / 77

58 Intersecting two postings lists Brutus Calpurnia Intersection = 2 Boolean Retrieval 41 / 77

59 Intersecting two postings lists Brutus Calpurnia Intersection = 2 Boolean Retrieval 41 / 77

60 Intersecting two postings lists Brutus Calpurnia Intersection = 2 Boolean Retrieval 41 / 77

61 Intersecting two postings lists Brutus Calpurnia Intersection = 2 31 Boolean Retrieval 41 / 77

62 Intersecting two postings lists Brutus Calpurnia Intersection = 2 31 Boolean Retrieval 41 / 77

63 Intersecting two postings lists Brutus Calpurnia Intersection = 2 31 Boolean Retrieval 41 / 77

64 Intersecting two postings lists Brutus Calpurnia Intersection = 2 31 Boolean Retrieval 41 / 77

65 Intersecting two postings lists Brutus Calpurnia Intersection = 2 31 Boolean Retrieval 41 / 77

66 Intersecting two postings lists Brutus Calpurnia Intersection = 2 31 This is linear in the length of the postings lists. Boolean Retrieval 41 / 77

67 Intersecting two postings lists Brutus Calpurnia Intersection = 2 31 This is linear in the length of the postings lists. Note: This only works if postings lists are sorted. Boolean Retrieval 41 / 77

68 Intersecting two postings lists Intersect(p 1, p 2 ) 1 answer 2 while p 1 nil and p 2 nil 3 do if docid(p 1 ) = docid(p 2 ) 4 then Add(answer, docid(p 1 )) 5 p 1 next(p 1 ) 6 p 2 next(p 2 ) 7 else if docid(p 1 ) < docid(p 2 ) 8 then p 1 next(p 1 ) 9 else p 2 next(p 2 ) 10 return answer Boolean Retrieval 42 / 77

69 Query processing: Exercise. france paris lear Compute hit list for ((paris AND NOT france) OR lear) Boolean Retrieval 43 / 77

70 Boolean queries The Boolean retrieval model can answer any query that is a Boolean expression. Boolean queries are queries that use and, or and not to join query terms. Views each document as a set of terms. Is precise: Document matches condition or not. Primary commercial retrieval tool for 3 decades Many professional searchers (e.g., lawyers) still like Boolean queries. You know exactly what you are getting. Many search systems you use are also Boolean: spotlight, , intranet etc. Boolean Retrieval 44 / 77

71 Commercially successful Boolean retrieval: Westlaw Largest commercial legal search service in terms of the number of paying subscribers Over half a million subscribers performing millions of searches a day over tens of terabytes of text data The service was started in In 2005, Boolean search (called Terms and Connectors by Westlaw) was still the default, and used by a large percentage of users although ranked retrieval has been available since Boolean Retrieval 45 / 77

72 Westlaw: Example queries Information need: Information on the legal theories involved in preventing the disclosure of trade secrets by employees formerly employed by a competing company Query: trade secret /s disclos! /s prevent /s employe! Boolean Retrieval 46 / 77

73 Westlaw: Example queries Information need: Requirements for disabled people to be able to access a workplace Query: disab! /p access! /s work-site work-place (employment /3 place) Boolean Retrieval 46 / 77

74 Westlaw: Example queries Information need: Cases about a host s responsibility for drunk guests Query: host! /p (responsib! liab!) /p (intoxicat! drunk!) /p guest Boolean Retrieval 46 / 77

75 Westlaw: Comments Proximity operators: /3 = within 3 words, /s = within a sentence, /p = within a paragraph Space is disjunction, not conjunction! (This was the default in search pre-google.) Long, precise queries: incrementally developed, not like web search Why professional searchers often like Boolean search: precision, transparency, control When are Boolean queries the best way of searching? Depends on: information need, searcher, document collection,... Boolean Retrieval 47 / 77

76 Outline. 1 Administration. 2 Introduction. 3 Inverted index. 4 Processing Boolean queries. 5 Query optimization. 6 Course overview Boolean Retrieval 48 / 77

77 Query optimization Consider a query that is an and of n terms, n > 2 For each of the terms, get its postings list, then and them together Example query: Brutus AND Calpurnia AND Caesar What is the best order for processing this query? Boolean Retrieval 49 / 77

78 Query optimization Example query: Brutus AND Calpurnia AND Caesar Boolean Retrieval 50 / 77

79 Query optimization Example query: Brutus AND Calpurnia AND Caesar Simple and effective optimization: Process in order of increasing frequency Boolean Retrieval 50 / 77

80 Query optimization Example query: Brutus AND Calpurnia AND Caesar Simple and effective optimization: Process in order of increasing frequency Start with the shortest postings list, then keep cutting further Boolean Retrieval 50 / 77

81 Query optimization Example query: Brutus AND Calpurnia AND Caesar Simple and effective optimization: Process in order of increasing frequency Start with the shortest postings list, then keep cutting further Brutus Calpurnia Caesar 5 31 Boolean Retrieval 50 / 77

82 Query optimization Example query: Brutus AND Calpurnia AND Caesar Simple and effective optimization: Process in order of increasing frequency Start with the shortest postings list, then keep cutting further In this example, first Caesar, then Calpurnia, then Brutus Brutus Calpurnia Caesar 5 31 Boolean Retrieval 50 / 77

83 Optimized intersection algorithm for conjunctive queries Intersect( t 1,..., t n ) 1 terms SortByIncreasingFrequency( t 1,..., t n ) 2 result postings(first(terms)) 3 terms rest(terms) 4 while terms nil and result nil 5 do result Intersect(result, postings(first(terms))) 6 terms rest(terms) 7 return result Boolean Retrieval 51 / 77

84 More general optimization Example query: (madding or crowd) and (ignoble or strife) Get frequencies for all terms Estimate the size of each or by the sum of its frequencies (conservative) Process in increasing order of or sizes Boolean Retrieval 52 / 77

85 Outline. 1 Administration. 2 Introduction. 3 Inverted index. 4 Processing Boolean queries. 5 Query optimization. 6 Course overview Boolean Retrieval 53 / 77

86 Course overview We are done with Chapter 1 of IIR (IIR 01). Plan for the rest of the semester: of the 21 chapters of IIR In what follows: teasers for most chapters to give you a sense of what will be covered. Boolean Retrieval 54 / 77

87 IIR 02: The term vocabulary and postings lists Phrase queries: Stanford University Proximity queries: Gates near Microsoft We need an index that captures position information for phrase queries and proximity queries. Boolean Retrieval 55 / 77

88 IIR 03: Dictionaries and tolerant retrieval bo aboard about boardroom border or border lord morbid sordid rd aboard ardent boardroom border Boolean Retrieval 56 / 77

89 IIR 04: Index construction splits assign master assign postings parser a-f g-p q-z inverter a-f parser a-f g-p q-z inverter g-p parser a-f g-p q-z inverter q-z map phase segment files reduce phase Boolean Retrieval 57 / 77

90 IIR 05: Index compression log10 cf Zipf s law log10 rank Boolean Retrieval 58 / 77

91 IIR 06: Scoring, term weighting and the vector space model. Ranking search results Boolean queries only give inclusion or exclusion of documents. For ranked retrieval, we measure the proximity between the query and each document. One formalism for doing this: the vector space model Key challenge in ranked retrieval: evidence accumulation for a term in a document 1 vs. 0 occurence of a query term in the document 3 vs. 2 occurences of a query term in the document Usually: more is better But by how much? Need a scoring function that translates frequency into score or weight Boolean Retrieval 59 / 77

92 IIR 07: Scoring in a complete search system Documents Parsing Linguistics user query Free text query parser Results page Document cache Indexers Spell correction Scoring and ranking Metadata in zone and field indexes Inexact Tiered inverted top K positional index retrieval Indexes k-gram Scoring parameters MLR training set Boolean Retrieval 60 / 77

93 IIR 08: Evaluation and dynamic summaries Boolean Retrieval 61 / 77

94 IIR 09: Relevance feedback & query expansion Boolean Retrieval 62 / 77

95 IIR 11: Probabilistic information retrieval P(R d, q) is modeled using term incidence vectors as P(R x, q) P(R = 1 x, q) = P(R = 0 x, q) = P( x R = 1, q)p(r = 1 q) P( x q) P( x R = 0, q)p(r = 0 q) P( x q) P( x R = 1, q) and P( x R = 0, q): probability that if a relevant or nonrelevant document is retrieved, then that document s representation is x Use statistics about the document collection to estimate these probabilities Boolean Retrieval 63 / 77

96 IIR 12: Language models q 1 w P(w q 1 ) w P(w q 1 ) STOP 0.2 toad 0.01 the 0.2 said 0.03 a 0.1 likes 0.02 frog 0.01 that This is a one-state probabilistic finite-state automaton a unigram language model and the state emission distribution for its one state q 1. Boolean Retrieval 64 / 77

97 IIR 12: Language models q 1 w P(w q 1 ) w P(w q 1 ) STOP 0.2 toad 0.01 the 0.2 said 0.03 a 0.1 likes 0.02 frog 0.01 that This is a one-state probabilistic finite-state automaton a unigram language model and the state emission distribution for its one state q 1. STOP is not a word, but a special symbol indicating that the automaton stops. Boolean Retrieval 64 / 77

98 IIR 12: Language models q 1 w P(w q 1 ) w P(w q 1 ) STOP 0.2 toad 0.01 the 0.2 said 0.03 a 0.1 likes 0.02 frog 0.01 that This is a one-state probabilistic finite-state automaton a unigram language model and the state emission distribution for its one state q 1. STOP is not a word, but a special symbol indicating that the automaton stops. frog Boolean Retrieval 64 / 77

99 IIR 12: Language models q 1 w P(w q 1 ) w P(w q 1 ) STOP 0.2 toad 0.01 the 0.2 said 0.03 a 0.1 likes 0.02 frog 0.01 that This is a one-state probabilistic finite-state automaton a unigram language model and the state emission distribution for its one state q 1. STOP is not a word, but a special symbol indicating that the automaton stops. frog P(string) = 0.01 Boolean Retrieval 64 / 77

100 IIR 12: Language models q 1 w P(w q 1 ) w P(w q 1 ) STOP 0.2 toad 0.01 the 0.2 said 0.03 a 0.1 likes 0.02 frog 0.01 that This is a one-state probabilistic finite-state automaton a unigram language model and the state emission distribution for its one state q 1. STOP is not a word, but a special symbol indicating that the automaton stops. frog said P(string) = 0.01 Boolean Retrieval 64 / 77

101 IIR 12: Language models q 1 w P(w q 1 ) w P(w q 1 ) STOP 0.2 toad 0.01 the 0.2 said 0.03 a 0.1 likes 0.02 frog 0.01 that This is a one-state probabilistic finite-state automaton a unigram language model and the state emission distribution for its one state q 1. STOP is not a word, but a special symbol indicating that the automaton stops. frog said P(string) = Boolean Retrieval 64 / 77

102 IIR 12: Language models q 1 w P(w q 1 ) w P(w q 1 ) STOP 0.2 toad 0.01 the 0.2 said 0.03 a 0.1 likes 0.02 frog 0.01 that This is a one-state probabilistic finite-state automaton a unigram language model and the state emission distribution for its one state q 1. STOP is not a word, but a special symbol indicating that the automaton stops. frog said that P(string) = Boolean Retrieval 64 / 77

103 IIR 12: Language models q 1 w P(w q 1 ) w P(w q 1 ) STOP 0.2 toad 0.01 the 0.2 said 0.03 a 0.1 likes 0.02 frog 0.01 that This is a one-state probabilistic finite-state automaton a unigram language model and the state emission distribution for its one state q 1. STOP is not a word, but a special symbol indicating that the automaton stops. frog said that P(string) = Boolean Retrieval 64 / 77

104 IIR 12: Language models q 1 w P(w q 1 ) w P(w q 1 ) STOP 0.2 toad 0.01 the 0.2 said 0.03 a 0.1 likes 0.02 frog 0.01 that This is a one-state probabilistic finite-state automaton a unigram language model and the state emission distribution for its one state q 1. STOP is not a word, but a special symbol indicating that the automaton stops. frog said that toad P(string) = Boolean Retrieval 64 / 77

105 IIR 12: Language models q 1 w P(w q 1 ) w P(w q 1 ) STOP 0.2 toad 0.01 the 0.2 said 0.03 a 0.1 likes 0.02 frog 0.01 that This is a one-state probabilistic finite-state automaton a unigram language model and the state emission distribution for its one state q 1. STOP is not a word, but a special symbol indicating that the automaton stops. frog said that toad P(string) = Boolean Retrieval 64 / 77

106 IIR 12: Language models q 1 w P(w q 1 ) w P(w q 1 ) STOP 0.2 toad 0.01 the 0.2 said 0.03 a 0.1 likes 0.02 frog 0.01 that This is a one-state probabilistic finite-state automaton a unigram language model and the state emission distribution for its one state q 1. STOP is not a word, but a special symbol indicating that the automaton stops. frog said that toad likes P(string) = Boolean Retrieval 64 / 77

107 IIR 12: Language models q 1 w P(w q 1 ) w P(w q 1 ) STOP 0.2 toad 0.01 the 0.2 said 0.03 a 0.1 likes 0.02 frog 0.01 that This is a one-state probabilistic finite-state automaton a unigram language model and the state emission distribution for its one state q 1. STOP is not a word, but a special symbol indicating that the automaton stops. frog said that toad likes P(string) = Boolean Retrieval 64 / 77

108 IIR 12: Language models q 1 w P(w q 1 ) w P(w q 1 ) STOP 0.2 toad 0.01 the 0.2 said 0.03 a 0.1 likes 0.02 frog 0.01 that This is a one-state probabilistic finite-state automaton a unigram language model and the state emission distribution for its one state q 1. STOP is not a word, but a special symbol indicating that the automaton stops. frog said that toad likes frog P(string) = Boolean Retrieval 64 / 77

109 IIR 12: Language models q 1 w P(w q 1 ) w P(w q 1 ) STOP 0.2 toad 0.01 the 0.2 said 0.03 a 0.1 likes 0.02 frog 0.01 that This is a one-state probabilistic finite-state automaton a unigram language model and the state emission distribution for its one state q 1. STOP is not a word, but a special symbol indicating that the automaton stops. frog said that toad likes frog P(string) = Boolean Retrieval 64 / 77

110 IIR 12: Language models q 1 w P(w q 1 ) w P(w q 1 ) STOP 0.2 toad 0.01 the 0.2 said 0.03 a 0.1 likes 0.02 frog 0.01 that This is a one-state probabilistic finite-state automaton a unigram language model and the state emission distribution for its one state q 1. STOP is not a word, but a special symbol indicating that the automaton stops. frog said that toad likes frog STOP P(string) = Boolean Retrieval 64 / 77

111 IIR 12: Language models q 1 w P(w q 1 ) w P(w q 1 ) STOP 0.2 toad 0.01 the 0.2 said 0.03 a 0.1 likes 0.02 frog 0.01 that This is a one-state probabilistic finite-state automaton a unigram language model and the state emission distribution for its one state q 1. STOP is not a word, but a special symbol indicating that the automaton stops. frog said that toad likes frog STOP P(string) = Boolean Retrieval 64 / 77

112 IIR 12: Language models q 1 w P(w q 1 ) w P(w q 1 ) STOP 0.2 toad 0.01 the 0.2 said 0.03 a 0.1 likes 0.02 frog 0.01 that This is a one-state probabilistic finite-state automaton a unigram language model and the state emission distribution for its one state q 1. STOP is not a word, but a special symbol indicating that the automaton stops. frog said that toad likes frog STOP P(string) = = Boolean Retrieval 64 / 77

113 IIR 13: Text classification & Naive Bayes Text classification = assigning documents automatically to predefined classes Examples: Language (English vs. French) Adult content Region Boolean Retrieval 65 / 77

114 IIR 14: Vector classification X X X X X X X X X X X Boolean Retrieval 66 / 77

115 IIR 15: Support vector machines (possibly skipped) Boolean Retrieval 67 / 77

116 IIR 16: Flat clustering Boolean Retrieval 68 / 77

117 IIR 17: Hierarchical clustering Boolean Retrieval 69 / 77

118 IIR 18: Latent Semantic Indexing Boolean Retrieval 70 / 77

119 IIR 19: The web and its challenges Unusual and diverse documents Unusual and diverse users and information needs Beyond terms and text: exploit link analysis, user data How do web search engines work? How can we make them better? Boolean Retrieval 71 / 77

120 IIR 20: Crawling www DNS Fetch Parse Doc FP s To other nodes Content URL Host Seen? Filter splitter URL set Dup URL Elim URL Frontier From other nodes Boolean Retrieval 72 / 77

121 IIR 21: Link analysis / PageRank Boolean Retrieval 73 / 77

122 Administration Introduction Inverted index Processing Boolean queries Query optimization Course overview If time permits: Evolution of the Google IR System Boolean Retrieval 74 / 77

123 If time permits: Building Watson: An Overview of the DeepQA Project Boolean Retrieval 75 / 77

124 If time permits: Introduction to computational advertising Boolean Retrieval 76 / 77

125 Take-away Why you should take this course Admin issues Boolean Retrieval: Design and data structures of a simple information retrieval system What topics will be covered in this class? Boolean Retrieval 77 / 77