CLASSIC DATA STRUCTURES IN JAVA

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1 CLASSIC DATA STRUCTURES IN JAVA Timothy Budd Oregon State University Boston San Francisco New York London Toronto Sydney Tokyo Singapore Madrid Mexico City Munich Paris Cape Town Hong Kong Montreal

2 CONTENTS PREFACE XV THE MANAGEMENT OF COMPLEXITY The Control of Complexity Abstraction, Information Hiding, and Layering Division into Parts Encapsulation and Interchangeability Interface and Implementation The Service View Repetition and Recursion Composition Layers of Specialization Multiple Views Patterns Chapter Summary 18 Further Information 19 Study Questions 20 Exercises 21 Programming Projects 21 ABSTRACT DATA TYPES What Is a Type? Classes Interfaces and Polymorphism Abstract Data Types The Fundamental ADTs Collection 34

3 vi CONTENTS Bag Set Sorted, Comparator, and Comparable Stack, Queue, and Deque FindMin and FindNth Indexed Collections and Sorting Algorithms Map Matrix Chapter Summary 45 Further Information 46 Study Questions 46 Exercises 46 Programming Projects 47 3 ALGORITHMS Characteristics of Algorithms Recipes as Algorithms Analyzing Computer Algorithms Specification of the Input Description of the Result Instruction Precision Time to Execute Space Utilization Recursive Algorithms Chapter Summary 64 Further Information 64 Study Questions 65 Exercises 65 Programming Projects 66 4 EXECUTION-TIME MEASUREMENT Algorithmic Analysis and Big-Oh Notation Execution Time of Programming Constructs Constant Time Simple Loops Nested Loops While Loops Function Calls 79

4 Contents 4.3 Summing Algorithmic Execution Times The Importance of Fast Algorithms Benchmarking Execution Times Chapter Summary 90 Further Information 91 Study Questions 91 Exercises 91 Programming Projects 94 5 INCREASING CONFIDENCE IN CORRECTNESS Program Proofs Invariants Analyzing Loops Asserting That the Outcome Is Correct Progress toward an Objective Manipulating Unnamed Quantities Function Calls Recursive Algorithms Program Testing Chapter Summary 111 Further Information 111 Study Questions 111 Exercises 112 Programming Projects VECTORS The Vector Data Structure Enumeration Application-Silly Sentences Application-Memory Game Application-Shell Sort A Visual Vector Chapter Summary 144 Further Information 144 Study Questions 144 Exercises 145 Programming Projects 149

5 viii CONTENTS 7 SORTING VECTORS Divide and Conquer Binary Search Sorted Vectors Merge Sort Partitioning The Pivot Algorithm Finding the nth Element Quicksort Chapter Summary 175 Further Information 175 Study Questions 176 Exercises 176 Programming Projects LINKED LISTS Varieties of Linked Lists LISP-Style Lists The LinkedList Abstraction Application-Asteroids Game Application-Infinite-Precision Integers Chapter Summary 211 Further Information 212 Study Questions 212 Exercises 212 Programming Projects LIST VARIATIONS Sorted Lists Fast Merge Execution Timings for Merge Operations Self-Organizing Lists Skip Lists Chapter Summary 232 Further Information 232 Study Questions 233

6 Contents ix Exercises 234 Programming Projects STACKS The Stack ADT Checking for Balanced Parentheses Towers of Hanoi, Revisited A Four-Function Calculator A Solitaire Program Implementation of the Stack Abstraction Chapter Summary 260 Further Information 260 Study Questions 260 Exercises 261 Programming Projects DEQUES A Fractal Snowflake Depth-and Breadth-First Search An Implementation: The IndexedDeque Chapter Summary 287 Further Information 287 Study Questions 287 Exercises 288 Programming Projects QUEUES The Queue ADT The Caterpillar Game A Pastry Factory Simulation Implementation of the Queue Abstraction A Vector-Based Queue The Ring Buffer Queue Piped Input/Output Streams Chapter Summary 318 Further Information 318

7 X CONTENTS Study Questions 318 Exercises 319 Programming Projects TREES Binary Trees Vector Implementation Dynamic Memory Implementation Application Guess the Animal Game Tree Traversals Postorder Tree Traversal Preorder Tree Traversal In-Order Tree Traversal Level-Order Tree Traversal Euler Tours Binary Tree Representation of General Trees Chapter Summary 353 Further Information 354 Study Questions 354 Exercises 354 Programming Projects BINARY SEARCH TREES The Importance of Balance ÄVL Trees Application-Tree Sort Chapter Summary 376 Further Information 377 Study Questions 377 Exercises 378 Programming Projects PRIORITY QUEUES The Priority Queue ADT Heaps Skew Heaps Application-Discrete Event-Driven Simulation A Framework for Simulations 405

8 Contents Ice Cream Store Simulation Chapter Summary 409 Further Information 410 Study Questions 410 Exercises 411 Programming Projects 413 HASH TABLES Hash Functions Hash Functions Hash Functions in the Java Standard Library 16.2 Collision Resolution Hash Table Sorting Algorithms Counting Sort Radix Sorting A Open-Address Hashing The Hashtable Data Type Application-Ranking Poker Hands Chapter Summary 442 Further Information 443 Study Questions 444 Exercises 445 Programming Projects 447 MAPS Example Programs Silly-Sentence Generation, Revisited An Address Database A Concordance An Implementation Searching Problems and Maps Chapter Summary 471 Further Information 471 Study Questions 472 Exercises 473 Programming Projects 474

9 xii CONTENTS 18 SETS Changing a Bag into a Set Set Union, Intersection, and Differences 18.3 Sorted List Sets Application-A Spelling Checker The Union-Find Problem The BitSet Abstraction Application-Prime Number Sieve Chapter Summary 500 Further Information 501 Study Questions 501 Exercises 501 Programming Projects MATRICES Java Matrices Application-Rain Game Binary Matrices Application The Game of Life Sparse Vectors An Application-(Almost) Infinitely Large Hash Tables Sparse Matrices Noninteger Keys Chapter Summary 526 Further Information 526 Study Questions 527 Exercises 527 Programming Projects GRAPHS Adjacency-Matrix Representation Edge-List Representation Weighted-Graph Representation Weighted-Adjacency Matrix Floyd's Algorithm Weighted-Edge-List Representation 543

10 Contents xiii Dijkstra's Algorithm Other Graph Problems Topological Sorting Depth-First Search Spanning Tree Problem-The Traveling Salesman Chapter Summary 553 Further Information 553 Study Questions 553 Exercises 554 Programming Projects 556 APPENDIX A JAVA SYNTAX 559 A.l Program Structure 559 A.l.l Packages 559 A.l.2 Import Declaration 560 A.l.3 Class Declaration 560 A.l.4 Interface Declaration 561 A.l.5 Method Declaration 561 A. 1.6 Constructors 563 A.1.7 Data Field Declaration 563 A.2 Statements 564 A.2.1 Declaration Statement 564 A.2.2 Assignment Statement 564 A.2.3 Procedure Calls 564 A.2.4 if Statement 565 A.2.5 switch Statement 565 A.2.6 while Statement 566 A.2.1 for Statement 566 A.2.8 return Statement 566 A.2.9 throw Statement 567 A.2.10 try Statement 567 A.3 Expressions 567 A. 3.1 Literal 568 A.3.2 Variables 568 A.3.3 Data Field and Method Access 569 A.3.4 Operators 570 A.3.5 Object Creation 570 A.3.6 Arrays 571 A.4 Files 571

11 xiv CONTENTS APPENDIX B IMPORT LIBRARIES 573 APPENDIX C DATA STRUCTURES IN THE JAVA STANDARD LIBRARY 577 C.l Collection 577 C.2 Enumerators and Iterators 578 C.3 Vectors 578 C.4 Lists 579 C.5 Stack, Queue, and Deque 580 C.6 Priority Queue 580 C.7 Binary Search Tree 580 C.8 Hash Tables 581 C.9 Set 581 CIO Map 582 BIBLIOGRAPHY 583 INDEX 589

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