Distributed Information Systems
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1 Distributed Objects and Remote Invocation Programming Models For Distributed Applications Objectives RPC and RMI. Remote invocation semantics. Implementation of RMI. References DSCD: Chapter 5 Conventional models Procedure call. Method invocation in OO programming. Event-based programming. Extension to DS Remote procedure call (RPC). Remote method invocation (RMI). Distributed eventbased programs. Y. Xiang, CIS 4400, Distributed Information Systems 1 Y. Xiang, CIS 4400, Distributed Information Systems 2 Middleware Layer Provide location transparency. Provide independence from details of communication protocols, OS, and hardware. Support components in different programming languages. Applications RMI, RPC and events Request reply protocol External data representation Operating System Middleware layers Y. Xiang, CIS 4400, Distributed Information Systems 3 Interface b/w Program Modules In DS Parameter-passing mechanisms for local procedure calls do not work. Ex: Pointer argument in C function void insert(float *farray, float num); Implication to parameter-passing in DS? Service interface in RPC: a server provides a set of procedures available to clients. Remote interface in RMI: specifies methods of an object available for remote invocation. A subset of methods available to local objects. Y. Xiang, CIS 4400, Distributed Information Systems 4 1
2 Remote Object References When a client invokes a method in a remote object, a message is directed to the object. Object at different servers and providing different services may be named identically. A remote object may be deleted and re-created at a different state. How to direct message to the right object? A remote object reference must be unique throughout DS and over time. Host IP addr + port number + creation time Y. Xiang, CIS 4400, Distributed Information Systems 5 Remote Invocation Semantics As middleware, the semantics of a RMI service should be known to the applications that use it. Maybe semantics No request retransmission. Invoker receives a result or a timeout exception. What does invoker know upon receiving result? What does invoker know upon receiving timeout? Useful when occasional failure is acceptable. Ex: A update request in a series. Ex: Allowed by CORBA for some methods. Y. Xiang, CIS 4400, Distributed Information Systems 6 Remote Invocation Semantics At-least-once semantics Request is retransmitted on timeout and each received request is executed. Invoker receives either a result or an exception. What does invoker know upon receiving result? What does it know upon receiving exception? Useful with idempotent operations. Ex: Adopted by Sun RPC. Remote Invocation Semantics At-most-once semantics Request retransmission, duplicate request deletion, and history are applied. Invoker receives either a result or an exception. What does invoker know upon receiving result? What does invoker know after receiving exception? Ex: Adopted by Java RMI and CORBA. Summery of alternative remote invocation semantics. Y. Xiang, CIS 4400, Distributed Information Systems 7 Y. Xiang, CIS 4400, Distributed Information Systems 8 2
3 RMI Transparency Transparent RMI Same syntax for local & remote procedure calls. Locating and contacting remote objects, marshalling and message passing are hidden. Issues RMI is more vulnerable than local invocation. Latency difference b/w RMI and local invocation Current consensus: keep invocation syntax the same but invocation interface different. Ex: Java RMI. Remote Invocation In Java RMI Ex: Computing a product through a remote calculator service. Client side: Calc c = (Calc) Naming.lookup( //bayes.cis/calcserv ); result = c.multiply(numb1, numb2); Any difference from local invocation? Y. Xiang, CIS 4400, Distributed Information Systems 9 Y. Xiang, CIS 4400, Distributed Information Systems 10 Develop Java RMI Server And Client 1. Define a remote interface (Calculator.java). 2. Implement the remote service (CalculatorImpl.java). 3. Host the service (CalculatorServer.java). 4. Use the service in a client (CalculatorClient.java). Several objects and modules are involved in a RMI. client server object A proxy for B Request skeleton for B remote object B Reply Remote Communication reference module module Communication module Remote reference module Y. Xiang, CIS 4400, Distributed Information Systems 11 Y. Xiang, CIS 4400, Distributed Information Systems 12 3
4 Proxy (stub): behaves like a local server to the client object. One for each remote object. Request marshalling, request passing, and reply unmarshalling. Skeleton: behaves like a local client to the server object. Receiving request from communication module, request unmarshalling, remote (local) method invocation, reply marshalling, and reply passing. Y. Xiang, CIS 4400, Distributed Information Systems 13 Generation of proxy and skeleton Their classes are generated automatically by an interface compiler (e.g., java rmic). What information is the generation based on? Remote reference module: maintains remote object table for translation b/w local and remote object reference (ROR). At client: RORs proxies At server: ROR remote (local) object Used by proxy and skeleton. Y. Xiang, CIS 4400, Distributed Information Systems 14 Communication module Two cooperative modules transmit request/reply. Use sender id, request id, and remote object reference info to provide a specified remote invocation semantics. Interact with proxy object at client, and skeleton object at server. Y. Xiang, CIS 4400, Distributed Information Systems 15 Remote Object Registration Where does a client find the remote object reference for a remote service? Binder: A service that maintains mapping b/w remote object names (a string) and their remote object reference. Upon creation, a remote object is registered at the binder. A client can look up a service from binder using remote object name to obtain the remote object reference. Y. Xiang, CIS 4400, Distributed Information Systems 16 4
5 Java Binder The binder program rmiregistry is supplied with jdk. Each host has at least one rmiregistry running. Server uses methods in class Naming to register a remote object. Ex: Registering a calculator service. Calc c = new CalcImpl(); Naming.rebind( //bayes.cis:1099/calcserv, c); RMI Compilation And Execution Components: 1. Remote interface: Calculator.java 2. Service implementation: CalculatorImpl.java 3. Server: CalculatorServer.java 4. Client: CalculatorClient.java Y. Xiang, CIS 4400, Distributed Information Systems 17 Y. Xiang, CIS 4400, Distributed Information Systems 18 RMI Compilation And Execution Server side Compile 1,2 & 3 with javac. Create stub/skeleton: rmic CalculatorImpl Start RMI registry: rmiregistry & Start server: java CalculatorServer & Client side Compile 1,4 with javac. Obtain CalculatorImpl_Stub.class. Run client: java CalculatorClient Obtain Stub for Client How does a client developer obtain stub? Option 1: run rmic from service implementation. A client developer may not have the service implementation code. Option 2: download from server s public site. Downloading adds an extra step in client development. Y. Xiang, CIS 4400, Distributed Information Systems 19 Y. Xiang, CIS 4400, Distributed Information Systems 20 5
6 Dynamic Stub Loading Idea: Client obtains stub at runtime from a URL. 1. Place the stub class file at a world-readable, published location called the codebase. 2. Start server with codebase info: java -Djava.security.policy=policy_file -Djava.rmi.server.codebase=codebase_url CalculatorServer & Dynamic Stub Loading 3. When server registers, registry saves codebase_url. 4. Start client as follows: java -Djava.security.policy=policy_file CalculatorClient 5. If client cannot find stub in its classpath, it uses codebase_url from registry and downloads stub from there. 6. From then on, client interacts with server through the stub. Levels of sophistication in RMI deployment. Y. Xiang, CIS 4400, Distributed Information Systems 21 Y. Xiang, CIS 4400, Distributed Information Systems 22 On Demand Remote Object Creation Idea: To reduce resource consumption, an object is not created until needed. A server initializes and registers one remote (factory) object T. A client invokes a remote method on T in order to obtain a remote reference to another object Q. If Q does not exist yet, T creates it on demand. T returns to client the remote reference for Q. The client invokes a remote method on Q. Advantages? On Demand Remote Object Activation Idea: To reduce resource consumption, an object is not activated until needed. Active: a remote object is instantiated and available for invocation in a running process. Passive: a remote object is not instantiated but can be made active. A passive remote object consists of two parts: the implementation of its methods, and its state in marshaled form. Y. Xiang, CIS 4400, Distributed Information Systems 23 Y. Xiang, CIS 4400, Distributed Information Systems 24 6
7 On Demand Remote Object Activation Activator: a process that starts server processes to host remote objects. Map activation id to info on passive object. Start a server process which creates a new instance of the passive object class and initializes instance variables to the stored state. Java RMI usually uses one activator per host. Y. Xiang, CIS 4400, Distributed Information Systems 25 7
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