Packages: Putting Classes Together
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1 Packages: Putting Classes Together 1
2 Introduction 2 The main feature of OOP is its ability to support the reuse of code: Extending the classes (via inheritance) Extending interfaces The features in basic form limited to reusing the classes within a program. What if we need to use classes from other programs without physically copying them into the program under development In Java, this is achieved by using what is known as packages, a concept similar to class libraries in other languages.
3 Packages 3 Packages are Java s way of grouping a number of related classes and/or interfaces together into a single unit. That means, packages act as containers for classes. The benefits of organising classes into packages are: The classes contained in the packages of other programs/applications can be reused. In packages classes can be unique compared with classes in other packages. That two classes in two different packages can have the same name. If there is a naming clash, then classes can be accessed with their fully qualified name. Classes in packages can be hidden if we don t want other packages to access them. Packages also provide a way for separating design from coding.
4 Java Foundation 4 Packages Java provides a large number of classes groped into different packages based on their functionality. The six foundation Java packages are: java.lang Contains classes for primitive types, strings, math functions, threads, and exception java.util Contains classes such as vectors, hash tables, date etc. java.io Stream classes for I/O java.awt Classes for implementing GUI windows, buttons, menus etc. java.net Classes for networking java.applet Classes for creating and implementing applets
5 Using System Packages The packages are organised in a hierarchical structure. For example, a package named java contains the package awt, which in turn contains various classes required for implementing GUI (graphical user interface). 5 java lang awt Graphics Font Image java Package containing lang, awt,.. packages; Can also contain classes. awt Package containing classes Classes containing methods
6 Accessing Classes from 6 Packages There are two ways of accessing the classes stored in packages: Using fully qualified class name java.lang.math.sqrt(x); Import package and use class name directly. import java.lang.math Math.sqrt(x); Selected or all classes in packages can be imported: import package.class; import package.*; Implicit in all programs: import java.lang.*; package statement(s) must appear first
7 Creating Packages 7 Java supports a keyword called package for creating user-defined packages. The package statement must be the first statement in a Java source file (except comments and white spaces) followed by one or more classes. package mypackage; public class ClassA { // class body } class ClassB { // class body } Package name is mypackage and classes are considred as part of this package; The code is saved in a file called ClassA.java and located in a directory called mypackage.
8 Creating Sub Packages 8 Classes in one ore more source files can be part of the same packages. As packages in Java are organised hierarchically, sub-packages can be created as follows: package mypackage.math package mypackage.secondpakage.thirdpackage Store thirdpackage in a subdirectory named mypackage\secondpackage. Store secondpackage and Math class in a subdirectory mypackage.
9 Accessing a Package 9 As indicated earlier, classes in packages can be accessed using a fully qualified name or using a shortcut as long as we import a corresponding package. The general form of importing package is: import package1[.package2][ ].classname Example: import mypackage.classa; import mypackage.secondpackage All classes/packages from higher-level package can be imported as follows: import mypackage.*;
10 Protection and Packages 10 All classes (or interfaces) accessible to all others in the same package. Class declared public in one package is accessible within another. Nonpublic class is not Members of a class are accessible from a difference class, as long as they are not private protected members of a class in a package are accessible to subclasses in a different class
11 Visibility - Revisited 11 Public keyword applied to a class, makes it available/visible everywhere. Applied to a method or variable, completely visible. Private fields or methods for a class only visible within that class. Private members are not visible within subclasses, and are not inherited. Protected members of a class are visible within the class, subclasses and also within all classes that are in the same package as that class.
12 Visibility Modifiers 12 Accessible to: public protected Package (default) private Same Class Yes Yes Yes Yes Class in package Yes Yes Yes No Subclass in different package Non-subclass different package Yes Yes No No Yes No No No
13 Adding a Class to a 13 Package Consider an existing package that contains a class called Teacher : package pack1; public class Teacher { // class body } This class is stored in Teacher.java file within a directory called pack1. How do we a new public class called Student to this package.
14 Adding a Class to a Package package pack1; 14 class Teacher class Student Define the public class Student and place the package statement before the class definition as follows: package pack1; public class Student { // class body } Store this in Student.java file under the directory pack1. When the Student.java file is compiled, the class file will be created and stored in the directory pack1. Now, the package pack1 will contain both the classes Teacher and Student.
15 Packages and Name 15 Clashing When packages are developed by different organizations, it is possible that multiple packages will have classes with the same name, leading to name classing. package pack1; package pack2; class Teacher class Student class Student class Courses We can import and use these packages like: import pack1.*; import pack2.*; Student student1; // Generates compilation error
16 Handling Name Clashing 16 In Java, name classing is resolved by accessing classes with the same name in multiple packages by their fully qualified name. Example: import pack1.*; import pack2.*; pack1.student student1; pack2.student student2; Teacher teacher1; Courses course1;
17 Extending a Class from 17 Package A new class called Professor can be created by extending the Teacher class defined the package pack1 as follows: import pack1.teacher; public class Professor extends Teacher { // body of Professor class // It is able to inherit public and protected members, // but not private or default members of Teacher class. }
18 Summary 18 Packages allow grouping of related classes into a single united. Packages are organised in hierarchical structure. Packages handle name classing issues. Packages can be accessed or inherited without actual copy of code to each program.
19 Graphical User Interface (GUI) Applications Abstract Windowing Toolkit (AWT) Events Handling Swing 19
20 Introduction 20 Java began as a language to be integrated with browsers. But it as evolved as a powerful language for developing standalone graphical applications and also server-side applications. Today, Java has large and powerful libraries to deal with 2D and 3D graphics and imaging, as well as the ability to build complex client-side interactive systems.
21 AWT - Abstract Windowing 21 Toolkit Single Windowing Interface on Multiple Platforms Supports functions common to all window systems Uses Underlying Native Window system AWT provides GUI widgets Event Handling Containers for widgets Layout managers Graphic operations
22 AWT - Abstract Window 22 Toolkit Portable GUI - preserves native look and feel Standard GUI Components (buttons ) Containers - Panels, Frames, Dialogs Graphics class for custom drawing Layouts responsible for actual positioning of components: BorderLayout, GridLayout, FlowLayout, Null layout
23 Adding Components via Layouts 23
24 Building Graphical User 24 Interfaces import java.awt.*; Assemble the GUI use GUI components, basic components (e.g., Button, TextField) containers (Frame, Panel) set the positioning of the components use Layout Managers Attach events
25 A sample GUI program 25 import java.awt.*; public class MyGui { public static void main(string args[] ) { Frame f = new Frame ("My Frame"); Button b = new Button("OK"); } } TextField tf = new TextField("Programming in Java", 20); f.setlayout(new FlowLayout()); f.add(b); f.add(tf); f.setsize(300, 300); f.setvisible(true);
26 Output 26
27 Events 27 Each GUI component (e.g., a Button) that wishes to respond to an event type (e.g., click), must register an event handler, called a Listener. The listener is an object of a "Listener" interface. A Listener class can be created by subclassing (through "implements") one of Listener interfaces (all listener inrefaces are in the java.awt.event package = > must import java.awt.event.*; ) The registration of the listener is done by a call to a method such as addactionlistener(<listener Object>). Each GUI component class has one or more such add () methods, where applicable.
28 Events 28 b.addactionlistener( ); Button Frame method to add a listener listener object f.addwindowlistener( );
29 Listener Interfaces in java.awt.event.* 29 [1] ActionListener [2] ItemListener [3] MouseMotionListener [4] MouseListener [5] KeyListener [6] FocusListener [7] AdjustmentListener [8] ComponentListener [9] WindowListener [10] ContainerListener [11] TextListener
30 Listener Interfaces 30 Each listener interface has methods that need to be implemented for handling different kinds of events. For example 1, the ActionListener interface has a method actionperformed() button component is operated. For example2, the MouseMotionListener interface has two methods: 1) mousedragged(mouseevent) - Invoked when a mouse button is pressed on a component and then dragged. 2) mousemoved(mouseevent) - Invoked when the mouse button has been moved on a component (with no buttons down).
31 Implementing the ActionListener Interface and attaching an event handler to a button 31 import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; public class MyGui1 { public static void main(string args[] ) { Frame f = new Frame ("My Frame"); MyGuiAction ga = new MyGuiAction(f); } } class MyGuiAction implements ActionListener { static int count = 0; Button b; TextField tf; MyGuiAction(Frame f) { b = new Button("OK"); b.addactionlistener(this); tf = new TextField("Hello Java", 20); f.setlayout(new FlowLayout()); f.add(b); f.add(tf); f.setsize(300, 300); f.setvisible(true); } public void actionperformed( ActionEvent e) { if(e.getsource() == b) { count++; System.out.println("Button is Pressed"); tf.settext("hello Java Click "+count); } } }
32 Output and Clicks on OK Button Exec started 1 st click on OK button 2 nd click on OK button 32
33 BorderLayout Example 33 import java.awt.*; public class MyGui2 { public static void main(string args[] ) { Frame f = new Frame ("My Frame"); f.setlayout(new BorderLayout()); // Add text field to top f.add("north",new TextField()); // Create the panel with buttons at the bottom... Panel p = new Panel(); // FlowLayout p.add(new Button("OK")); p.add(new Button("Cancel")); f.add("south",p); f.add("center", new TextField("Center region")); f.setsize(300, 300); f.setvisible(true); } }
34 Output 34
35 AWT to Swing AWT: Abstract Windowing Toolkit import java.awt.* Swing: new with Java2 import javax.swing.* Extends AWT Tons o new improved components Standard dialog boxes, tooltips, Look-and-feel, skins Event listeners
36 Object Component Container List Button JComponent Scrollpane Window Label Scrollbar Canvas
37 Swing does not replace the AWT; it is built on top of it All 1.0 AWT components are heavyweight; corresponding Swing components are lightweight Swing component names begin with ``J'': Component (AWT) vs. JComponent (Swing) Button (AWT) vs. JButton (Swing) Always use Swing components; however, since Swing is built on top of AWT, you will need to know some AWT methods
38 JComponent AbstractButton JLabel JButton JMenuItem JList JToggleButton JScrollBar JCheckBox JFileChooser
39 Note that JComponents are containers JComponents do not extend their AWT counterparts: For example, the JButton class is not a subclass (direct or indirect) of Button However, some Swing components are not JComponents For example, some Swing containers are direct subclasses of their AWT counterparts
40 Container JComponent Panel ScrollPane Window Applet Dialog Frame
41 Container JComponent Window ScrollPane Panel Dialog Frame Applet JDialog JWindow JFrame JApplet
42 JComponent JLayeredPane JPanel JDesktopPane JScrollPane JInternalFrame JTable JTree
43 void setbackground(color c) void setforeground(color c) void setenabled(boolean b) void setvisible(boolean b) void setfont(font f) void setsize(dimension d) void setlocation(int x, int y) All but setsize and setlocation are overridden by the JComponent class.
44 import java.awt.*; import javax.swing.*; public class SwingTest { } public static void main(string[] args) { JFrame frame = new JFrame("Test Frame"); frame.setsize(new Dimension(300,200)); frame.setlocation(100,100); frame.setvisible(true); }
45 setsize and setlocation require java.awt.*; the rest require javax.swing.* The JFrame constructor argument is used as a title The Dimension constructor takes an integer width and height, respectively The setlocation method takes a pair of integer coordinates (x,y) where (0,0) is the upper left corner of the display The visibility of a JFrame is set to false by default
46 This window was managed by the K Desktop Environment (KDE) Clicking the Close button (X) will cause the display to be hidden, but the program will continue since no listeners are set up yet Can use ctl-c to kill the Java Virtual Machine
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