Web Security Developer Reference

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1 IBM Tioli Access Manager for e-business Web Security Deeloper Reference Version 5.1 SC

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3 IBM Tioli Access Manager for e-business Web Security Deeloper Reference Version 5.1 SC

4 Note Before using this information and the product it supports, read the information in Appendix D, Notices, on page 81. First Edition (Noember 2003) This edition replaces GC Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 1999, All rights resered. US Goernment Users Restricted Rights Use, duplication or disclosure restricted by GSA ADP Schedule Contract with IBM Corp.

5 Contents Preface ii Who should read this book ii What this book contains ii Publications iii Release information iii Base information iii Web security information ix Deeloper references ix Technical supplements x Related publications x IBM Global Security Kit x IBM Tioli Directory Serer xi IBM DB2 Uniersal Database xi IBM WebSphere Application Serer xi IBM Tioli Access Manager for Business Integration xi IBM Tioli Access Manager for WebSphere Business Integration Brokers xii IBM Tioli Access Manager for Operating Systems xii IBM Tioli Identity Manager xiii Accessing publications online xiii Accessibility xiii Contacting software support xiii Conentions used in this book xi Typeface conentions xi Operating system differences xi Chapter 1. Web security authentication framework Authentication modules What is a CDAS? Authentication framework Web security resource manager Tioli Access Manager Base runtime Tioli Access Manager authorization API External authentication (xauthn) interface External authentication interface functions How authentication methods are implemented using the authentication framework Authentication Changing passwords Adding extended attributes Post password change processing Password strength How to use this deeloper reference Chapter 2. Application deelopment kit oeriew External authentication API Cross-domain mapping framework API Password strength EPAC demonstration application Chapter 3. Customizing authentication modules Using the external authentication API Software requirements Build instructions Example library API functions and data types Initializing and shutting down the API Copyright IBM Corp. 1999, 2003 iii

6 Extended attributes User identity information Authentication data User authentication Obtain user authentication information Identifiers common to all authentication methods Username/password authentication identifiers Certificate authentication identifiers Token card authentication identifiers HTTP authentication identifiers Switch user authentication identifiers Authenticate the user identity Conert the credential to string format Return user identity Change user password Add extended attributes to the credential Password strength checking Post password change processing UTF-8 compatibility UTF-8 compatibility for custom authentication libraries User credential data format Entitlements serice data format Conersion library for authentication data Configuring the conersion library Authentication module configuration Chapter 4. Cross-domain single sign-on authentication Oeriew of cross-domain single sign-on Default token creation Default token consumption Mapping user identities Identity mapping across domains Identity mapping in an e-community enironment Implementing custom token create and consume libraries Example libraries Creating and building a custom token create/consume library Customizing the token create library interface Customizing the token consume library interface Implementing cross-domain mapping framework libraries Software requirements Build instructions Customizing the example source file Cross-domain mapping framework functions Proiding user attributes: cdmf_get_usr_attributes() Proiding identity mapping: cdmf_map_usr() Specifying extended attributes Configuration instructions Sending single sign-on requests to a non-webseal serer Accepting single sign-on requests from a non-webseal serer Appendix A. External authentication C API reference xnlist_get() xattr_get() xattr_set() xauthn_authenticate() xauthn_change_password() xauthn_initialize() xauthn_shutdown() xauthn_util_entry_to_creds() i IBM Tioli Access Manager for e-business: Web Security Deeloper Reference

7 Appendix B. Cross-domain mapping framework C API reference cdmf_add_attr_to_list() cdmf_add_alue_to_attr() cdmf_create_usr_attr() cdmf_create_usr_attr_list() cdmf_get_usr_attributes() cdmf_map_usr() CDSSO_FREE() CDSSO_MALLOC() CDSSO_REALLOC() CDSSO_STRDUP() Appendix C. User registry differences Appendix D. Notices Trademarks Index Contents

8 i IBM Tioli Access Manager for e-business: Web Security Deeloper Reference

9 Preface Who should read this book Welcome to the IBM Tioli Access Manager for e-business Web Security Deeloper Reference. This document proides programming information and references for deeloping authentication modules by using the external authentication API. It also includes instructions for deeloping authentication modules that proide cross-domain single sign-on authentication. The use of the cross-domain mapping framework to enhance cross-domain single sign-on is also described. The document contains the API references for the external authentication C API and the cross-domain mapping framework API. IBM Tioli Access Manager (Tioli Access Manager) is the base software that is required to run applications in the IBM Tioli Access Manager product suite. It enables the integration of IBM Tioli Access Manager applications that proide a wide range of authorization and management solutions. Sold as an integrated solution, these products proide an access control management solution that centralizes network and application security policy for e-business applications. Note: IBM Tioli Access Manager is the new name of the preiously released software entitled Tioli SecureWay Policy Director. Also, for users familiar with the Tioli SecureWay Policy Director software and documentation, the management serer is now referred to as the policy serer. This guide is for system administrators responsible for the installation, deployment, and administration of Tioli Access Manager. Readers should be familiar with the following: Microsoft Windows and UNIX operating systems Security management What this book contains Internet protocols, including HTTP, HTTPS, and TCP/IP Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) and directory serices Authentication and authorization Access Manager security model and its capabilities If you are enabling Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) communication, you also should be familiar with SSL protocol, key exchange (public and priate), digital signatures, cryptographic algorithms, and certificate authorities. This document contains the following chapters: Chapter 1, Web security authentication framework An oeriew of the Web security authentication framework. Chapter 2, Application deelopment kit oeriew A description of the application deelopment kit contents, and the data types and functions for each API Copyright IBM Corp. 1999, 2003 ii

10 Chapter 3, Customizing authentication modules Instructions for writing a custom authentication module. Chapter 4, Cross-domain single sign-on Instructions for implementing a cross-domain single sign-on solution. Appendix A External authentication C API reference Reference pages for the external authentication C API. Appendix B Cross-domain mapping framework C API reference Reference pages for the cross-domain mapping framework C API. Appendix C User registry differences User registry differences that can affect authentication. Appendix D Notices Publications Reiew the descriptions of the Tioli Access Manager library, the prerequisite publications, and the related publications to determine which publications you might find helpful. After you determine the publications you need, refer to the instructions for accessing publications online. Additional information about the IBM Tioli Access Manager for e-business product itself can be found at: The Tioli Access Manager library is organized into the following categories: Release information Base information Web security information on page ix Deeloper references on page ix Technical supplements on page x Release information IBM Tioli Access Manager for e-business Read This First (GI ) Proides information for installing and getting started using Tioli Access Manager. IBM Tioli Access Manager for e-business Release Notes (GI ) Proides late-breaking information, such as software limitations, workarounds, and documentation updates. Base information IBM Tioli Access Manager Base Installation Guide (SC ) Explains how to install and configure the Tioli Access Manager base software, including the Web Portal Manager interface. This book is a subset of IBM Tioli Access Manager for e-business Web Security Installation Guide and is intended for use with other Tioli Access Manager products, such as IBM Tioli Access Manager for Business Integration and IBM Tioli Access Manager for Operating Systems. IBM Tioli Access Manager Base Administration Guide (SC ) iii IBM Tioli Access Manager for e-business: Web Security Deeloper Reference

11 Describes the concepts and procedures for using Tioli Access Manager serices. Proides instructions for performing tasks from the Web Portal Manager interface and by using the pdadmin command. Web security information IBM Tioli Access Manager for e-business Web Security Installation Guide (SC ) Proides installation, configuration, and remoal instructions for the Tioli Access Manager base software as well as the Web Security components. This book is a superset of IBM Tioli Access Manager Base Installation Guide. IBM Tioli Access Manager Upgrade Guide (SC ) Explains how to upgrade from Tioli SecureWay Policy Director Version 3.8 or preious ersions of Tioli Access Manager to Tioli Access Manager Version 5.1. IBM Tioli Access Manager for e-business WebSEAL Administration Guide (SC ) Proides background material, administratie procedures, and technical reference information for using WebSEAL to manage the resources of your secure Web domain. IBM Tioli Access Manager for e-business IBM WebSphere Application Serer Integration Guide (SC ) Proides installation, remoal, and administration instructions for integrating Tioli Access Manager with IBM WebSphere Application Serer. IBM Tioli Access Manager for e-business IBM WebSphere Edge Serer Integration Guide (SC ) Proides installation, remoal, and administration instructions for integrating Tioli Access Manager with the IBM WebSphere Edge Serer application. IBM Tioli Access Manager for e-business Plug-in for Web Serers Integration Guide (SC ) Proides installation instructions, administration procedures, and technical reference information for securing your Web domain using the plug-in for Web serers. IBM Tioli Access Manager for e-business BEA WebLogic Serer Integration Guide (SC ) Proides installation, remoal, and administration instructions for integrating Tioli Access Manager with BEA WebLogic Serer. IBM Tioli Access Manager for e-business IBM Tioli Identity Manager Proisioning Fast Start Guide (SC ) Proides an oeriew of the tasks related to integrating Tioli Access Manager and Tioli Identity Manager and explains how to use and install the Proisioning Fast Start collection. Deeloper references IBM Tioli Access Manager for e-business Authorization C API Deeloper Reference (SC ) Proides reference material that describes how to use the Tioli Access Manager authorization C API and the Tioli Access Manager serice plug-in interface to add Tioli Access Manager security to applications. IBM Tioli Access Manager for e-business Authorization Jaa Classes Deeloper Reference (SC ) Preface ix

12 Proides reference information for using the Jaa language implementation of the authorization API to enable an application to use Tioli Access Manager security. IBM Tioli Access Manager for e-business Administration C API Deeloper Reference (SC ) Proides reference information about using the administration API to enable an application to perform Tioli Access Manager administration tasks. This document describes the C implementation of the administration API. IBM Tioli Access Manager for e-business Administration Jaa Classes Deeloper Reference (SC ) Proides reference information for using the Jaa language implementation of the administration API to enable an application to perform Tioli Access Manager administration tasks. IBM Tioli Access Manager for e-business Web Security Deeloper Reference (SC ) Proides administration and programming information for the cross-domain authentication serice (CDAS), the cross-domain mapping framework (CDMF), and the password strength module. Technical supplements IBM Tioli Access Manager for e-business Command Reference (SC ) Proides information about the command line utilities and scripts proided with Tioli Access Manager. IBM Tioli Access Manager Error Message Reference (SC ) Proides explanations and recommended actions for the messages produced by Tioli Access Manager. IBM Tioli Access Manager for e-business Problem Determination Guide (SC ) Proides problem determination information for Tioli Access Manager. IBM Tioli Access Manager for e-business Performance Tuning Guide (SC ) Proides performance tuning information for an enironment consisting of Tioli Access Manager with the IBM Tioli Directory serer as the user registry. Related publications This section lists publications related to the Tioli Access Manager library. The Tioli Software Library proides a ariety of Tioli publications such as white papers, datasheets, demonstrations, redbooks, and announcement letters. The Tioli Software Library is aailable on the Web at: The Tioli Software Glossary includes definitions for many of the technical terms related to Tioli software. The Tioli Software Glossary is aailable, in English only, from the Glossary link on the left side of the Tioli Software Library Web page IBM Global Security Kit Tioli Access Manager proides data encryption through the use of the IBM Global Security Kit (GSKit) Version 7.0. GSKit is included on the IBM Tioli Access Manager Base CD for your particular platform, as well as on the IBM Tioli Access Manager Web Security CDs, the IBM Tioli Access Manager Web Administration Interfaces CDs, and the IBM Tioli Access Manager Directory Serer CDs. x IBM Tioli Access Manager for e-business: Web Security Deeloper Reference

13 The GSKit package proides the ikeyman key management utility, gsk7ikm, which is used to create key databases, public-priate key pairs, and certificate requests. The following document is aailable on the Tioli Information Center Web site in the same section as the IBM Tioli Access Manager product documentation: IBM Global Security Kit Secure Sockets Layer and ikeyman User s Guide (SC ) Proides information for network or system security administrators who plan to enable SSL communication in their Tioli Access Manager enironment. IBM Tioli Directory Serer IBM Tioli Directory Serer, Version 5.2, is included on the IBM Tioli Access Manager Directory Serer CD for the desired operating system. Note: IBM Tioli Directory Serer is the new name for the preiously released software known as: IBM Directory Serer (Version 4.1 and Version 5.1) IBM SecureWay Directory Serer (Version 3.2.2) IBM Directory Serer Version 4.1, IBM Directory Serer Version 5.1, and IBM Tioli Directory Serer Version 5.2 are all supported by IBM Tioli Access Manager Version 5.1. Additional information about IBM Tioli Directory Serer can be found at: IBM DB2 Uniersal Database IBM DB2 Uniersal Database Enterprise Serer Edition, Version 8.1 is proided on the IBM Tioli Access Manager Directory Serer CD and is installed with the IBM Tioli Directory Serer software. DB2 is required when using IBM Tioli Directory Serer, z/os, or OS/390 LDAP serers as the user registry for Tioli Access Manager. Additional information about DB2 can be found at: IBM WebSphere Application Serer IBM WebSphere Application Serer, Adanced Single Serer Edition 5.0, is included on the IBM Tioli Access Manager Web Administration Interfaces CD for the desired operating system. WebSphere Application Serer enables the support of both the Web Portal Manager interface, which is used to administer Tioli Access Manager, and the Web Administration Tool, which is used to administer IBM Tioli Directory Serer. IBM WebSphere Application Serer Fix Pack 2 is also required by Tioli Access Manager and is proided on the IBM Tioli Access Manager WebSphere Fix Pack CD. Additional information about IBM WebSphere Application Serer can be found at: IBM Tioli Access Manager for Business Integration IBM Tioli Access Manager for Business Integration, aailable as a separately orderable product, proides a security solution for IBM MQSeries, Version 5.2, and IBM WebSphere MQ for Version 5.3 messages. IBM Tioli Access Manager for Business Integration allows WebSphere MQSeries applications to send data with Preface xi

14 priacy and integrity by using keys associated with sending and receiing applications. Like WebSEAL and IBM Tioli Access Manager for Operating Systems, IBM Tioli Access Manager for Business Integration, is one of the resource managers that use the serices of IBM Tioli Access Manager. Additional information about IBM Tioli Access Manager for Business Integration can be found at: The following documents associated with IBM Tioli Access Manager for Business Integration Version 5.1 are aailable on the Tioli Information Center Web site: IBM Tioli Access Manager for Business Integration Administration Guide (SC ) IBM Tioli Access Manager for Business Integration Problem Determination Guide (GC ) IBM Tioli Access Manager for Business Integration Release Notes (GI ) IBM Tioli Access Manager for Business Integration Read This First (GI ) IBM Tioli Access Manager for WebSphere Business Integration Brokers IBM Tioli Access Manager for WebSphere Business Integration Brokers, aailable as part of IBM Tioli Access Manager for Business Integration, proides a security solution for WebSphere Business Integration Message Broker, Version 5.0 and WebSphere Business Integration Eent Broker, Version 5.0. IBM Tioli Access Manager for WebSphere Business Integration Brokers operates in conjunction with Tioli Access Manager to secure JMS publish/subscribe applications by proiding password and credentials-based authentication, centrally-defined authorization, and auditing serices. Additional information about IBM Tioli Access Manager for WebSphere Integration Brokers can be found at: The following documents associated with IBM Tioli Access Manager for WebSphere Integration Brokers, Version 5.1 are aailable on the Tioli Information Center Web site: IBM Tioli Access Manager for WebSphere Business Integration Brokers Administration Guide (SC ) IBM Tioli Access Manager for WebSphere Business Integration Brokers Release Notes (GI ) IBM Tioli Access Manager for Business Integration Read This First (GI ) IBM Tioli Access Manager for Operating Systems IBM Tioli Access Manager for Operating Systems, aailable as a separately orderable product, proides a layer of authorization policy enforcement on UNIX systems in addition to that proided by the natie operating system. IBM Tioli Access Manager for Operating Systems, like WebSEAL and IBM Tioli Access Manager for Business Integration, is one of the resource managers that use the serices of IBM Tioli Access Manager. Additional information about IBM Tioli Access Manager for Operating Systems can be found at: xii IBM Tioli Access Manager for e-business: Web Security Deeloper Reference

15 Accessibility The following documents associated with IBM Tioli Access Manager for Operating Systems Version 5.1 are aailable on the Tioli Information Center Web site: IBM Tioli Access Manager for Operating Systems Installation Guide (SC ) IBM Tioli Access Manager for Operating Systems Administration Guide (SC ) IBM Tioli Access Manager for Operating Systems Problem Determination Guide (SC ) IBM Tioli Access Manager for Operating Systems Release Notes (GI ) IBM Tioli Access Manager for Operating Systems Read Me First (GI ) IBM Tioli Identity Manager IBM Tioli Identity Manager Version 4.5, aailable as a separately orderable product, enables you to centrally manage users (such as user IDs and passwords) and proisioning (that is proiding or reoking access to applications, resources, or operating systems.) Tioli Identity Manager can be integrated with Tioli Access Manager through the use of the Tioli Access Manager Agent. Contact your IBM account representatie for more information about purchasing the Agent. Additional information about IBM Tioli Identity Manager can be found at: Accessing publications online The publications for this product are aailable online in Portable Document Format (PDF) or Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) format, or both in the Tioli software library: Contacting software support To locate product publications in the library, click the Product manuals link on the left side of the library page. Then, locate and click the name of the product on the Tioli software information center page. Product publications include release notes, installation guides, user s guides, administrator s guides, and deeloper s references. Note: To ensure proper printing of PDF publications, select the Fit to page check box in the Adobe Acrobat Print window (which is aailable when you click File Print). Accessibility features help a user who has a physical disability, such as restricted mobility or limited ision, to use software products successfully. With this product, you can use assistie technologies to hear and naigate the interface. You also can use the keyboard instead of the mouse to operate all features of the graphical user interface. Before contacting IBM Tioli Software Support with a problem, refer to the IBM Tioli Software Support site by clicking the Tioli support link at the following Web site: Preface xiii

16 If you need additional help, contact software support by using the methods described in the IBM Software Support Guide at the following Web site: The guide proides the following information: Conentions used in this book Registration and eligibility requirements for receiing support Telephone numbers, depending on the country in which you are located A list of information you should gather before contacting customer support This reference uses seeral conentions for special terms and actions and for operating system-dependent commands and paths. Typeface conentions The following typeface conentions are used in this reference: Bold Italic Lowercase commands or mixed case commands that are difficult to distinguish from surrounding text, keywords, parameters, options, names of Jaa classes, and objects are in bold. Variables, titles of publications, and special words or phrases that are emphasized are in italic. Monospace Code examples, command lines, screen output, file and directory names that are difficult to distinguish from surrounding text, system messages, text that the user must type, and alues for arguments or command options are in monospace. Operating system differences This book uses the UNIX conention for specifying enironment ariables and for directory notation. When using the Windows command line, replace $ariable with %ariable% for enironment ariables and replace each forward slash (/) with a backslash (\) in directory paths. If you are using the bash shell on a Windows system, you can use the UNIX conentions. xi IBM Tioli Access Manager for e-business: Web Security Deeloper Reference

17 Chapter 1. Web security authentication framework Tioli Access Manager proides a Web Security application deelopment kit that enables you to write programs that extend the functionality of the authentication modules used during the user authentication process. The ADK proides two programmatic interfaces that enable you to either customize the built-in authentication modules or write replacement modules. The ADK also proides an example program that demonstrates how to use the authorization API to extract user credential attributes. This is included because it is helpful in testing the results of authentication operations. The Tioli Access Manager Web Security application deelopment kit can be used with either Tioli Access Manager WebSEAL or Tioli Access Manager Plug-in for Web Serers. Both of these components supply the serer processing that handles authentication requests. You can use the interfaces proided by the Tioli Access Manager Web Security application deelopment kit to write customized authentication modules for use by either of the Tioli Access Manager Web security components. This deeloper reference uses the term Web security resource manager. This term includes the WebSEAL component and the Tioli Access Manager Plug-in for Web serers component. The term resource manager is used by Tioli Access Manager to describe an application or process that handles requests from users and then engages with the Tioli Access Manager authorization serice to determine if the user should be allowed to perform the requested action on the requested protected resource. Note that the Plug-in for Web serers runs in the same process as an external Web serer, such as Microsoft IIS. Thus, in this deeloper reference, the term Web security resource manager can refer not only to the WebSEAL serer, but also can refer to a serer process that includes the external Web serer plus the security functions proided by the Tioli Access Manager Plug-in for Web serers. For more information on the Tioli Access Manager Web security components, see: IBM Tioli Access Manager for e-business WebSEAL Administration Guide IBM Tioli Access Manager for e-business Plug-in for Web Serers Integration Guide This chapter contains the following topics: Authentication modules on page 2 Authentication framework on page 3 How authentication methods are implemented using the authentication framework on page 5 How to use this deeloper reference on page 9 Copyright IBM Corp. 1999,

18 Authentication modules The Web security resource managers are designed are designed to process a set of authentication methods. These authentication methods each support one or more authentication operations. The libraries that process the authentication methods are called authentication modules. Authentication operations Tioli Access Manager supports a number of authentication operations. An authentication operation is any operation that affects the process of authentication. Examples include, but are not limited to: Performing username/password authentication by performing a lookup in LDAP Changing a user password Verifying that a new password meets certain criteria Add attributes to an authenticated identity Authentication methods An authentication method refers a logical set of authentication operations. Typically, but not always, authentication methods hae a one to one relationship with a particular type of data used to proe a user s identity. Examples of authentication methods include, but are not limited to: Username/password Token Certificate A gien authentication method may hae more than one authentication operation associated with it. For example, the token authentication method includes the operations of authenticating, creating a new PIN number, and prompting a user to enter a new PIN. Some methods may not perform an actual authentication at all. An example is the extended attributes (cred-ext-attrs) method, whose sole function is to add new attributes to an authenticated identity before a credential is constructed. Authentication modules The functions that implement the authentication operations associated with each authentication method are contained in libraries called authentication modules. This means that there is a one-to-one mapping between an authentication method and an authentication module. For example, if a user proides authentication data using the password authentication method, the same module is used to both authenticate that user as well as to change their password (should they choose to do so). The authentication module libraries are dynamic and are written as plug-ins. They can be replaced with new ersions, and when the Web security resource manager is restarted, it will use the new authentication module to handle the operations associated with a particular authentication method. Both standard built-in and custom authentication modules load directly into the Web security resource manager memory and run as part of the serer process. What is a CDAS? In preious releases, the authentication modules described in the preious section were referred to as cross-domain authentication serices or CDAS libraries. This term is no longer used because the scope of the term CDAS is no longer wide enough to coer all the functions performed by Web security resource manager authentication modules. This change reflects only a change in terminology. 2 IBM Tioli Access Manager for e-business: Web Security Deeloper Reference

19 Authentication framework Tioli Access Manager uses a flexible framework that allows the functions that handle authentication operations to be easily modified or replaced. This diagram shows the main components used in the processing of authentication operations. Figure 1. Tioli Access Manager Web security authentication framework The following sections describe what each of the components does. Web security resource manager This can be either the WebSEAL component or the Plug-in for Web Serers component. Extracts authentication data from user requests and proides it to the Base runtime. Receies the results of authentication operations from the Base runtime. The results can be statuses or, in the case of actual authentication, user credentials that represent authenticated accounts. Tioli Access Manager Base runtime This is the set of libraries proided in the Tioli Access Manager runtime installation package. These Tioli Access Manager libraries are separate from the authentication modules. They proide core Tioli Access Manager security management functions for use by a ariety of resource managers, including some that are unrelated to Web security. The Web security resource managers require these libraries as a prerequisite. The libraries are not customizable. The Tioli Access ManagerBase runtime libraries perform the following tasks: Pass authentication data to the external authentication (xauthn) interface. Receie statuses or, when authentication occurs, identity structures back from the external authentication interface. Note: An identity structure is a collection of data that represents an authenticated user. Pass authentication data or identity structures back to the external authentication interface. (This step is not done in all cases) Determine if an identity was receied from the external authentication interface (after interactions with the external authentication interface are complete). When this is true, the runtime passes the identity to the Tioli Access Manager authorization API to build a credential. Receie statuses and/or credentials back from the authorization API and pass these to the Web security resource manager. Chapter 1. Web security authentication framework 3

20 Tioli Access Manager authorization API This authorization API is part of the Tioli Access Manager Base functionality. It performs authorization tasks, including the following: Receies an identity structure from the Base runtime. Extracts the user name contained in the identity structure. Attempts to find the user name in the Tioli Access Manager user registry. When successful, constructs a user credential. Returns the credential to the Base runtime. External authentication (xauthn) interface This interface performs the following tasks: Receies authentication data from the Base runtime. Organizes the data into a standard format. Passes the data to the authentication modules. Receies statuses and/or identity structures back from the authentication modules. Passes the statuses and/or identity structures back to the Base runtime. External authentication interface functions The use of this interface to author custom authentication modules is described in this deeloper reference. The external authentication is often referred to by the prefix used to name its functions xauthn. Eery authentication module implements one or more of four functions defined by the external authentication module interface. This is true both for the built-in authentication modules as well as custom modules that you can deelop using the ADK. The external authentication interface is described in detail in Appendix A, External authentication C API reference, on page 55, but briefly the four functions are: xauthn_initialize() Initializes a specified authentication module shared library. xauthn_authenticate() Performs the authentication module authentication tasks. xauthn_change_password() Performs a password change. xauthn_shutdown() Shuts down a specified authentication module shared library. 4 IBM Tioli Access Manager for e-business: Web Security Deeloper Reference

21 How authentication methods are implemented using the authentication framework This section describes how authentication methods, and the authentication operations they contain, are implemented in the Web security resource manager authentication framework. The following authentication methods are supported: Basic authentication Forms authentication Token authentication Certificate authentication HTTP header authentication IP Address authentication Failoer cookie authentication Switch user authentication SPNEGO (Kerberos) authentication Cross-domain single sign-on (token) e-community single sign-on The following sections describe the sequence of eents or operations for each major type of authentication method. Authentication Changing passwords on page 6 Adding extended attributes on page 6 Post password change processing on page 7 Password strength on page 7 Authentication The sequence of eents can ary depending on the authentication module. The general sequence of eents is as follows. 1. The Web security resource manager receies a request containing authentication information. For example, a username and password. 2. The Web security resource manager extracts the authentication information from the request. 3. The Web security resource manager passes the authentication information to the Base runtime. 4. The Base runtime passes the authentication information to the external authentication interface. 5. The external authentication interface formats the information, and then passes it to an authentication module that implements the external xauthn_authenticate() function. 6. The authentication module performs the actual authentication and returns an identity structure back to the external authentication interface. 7. The external authentication interface passes the identity structure back to the Base runtime. 8. The Base runtime passes the identity structure to the authorization API, which then constructs a credential and returns it to the Base runtime. 9. The Base runtime then passes the credential back to the Web security resource manager, for use in authorizing and managing sessions with the user. Chapter 1. Web security authentication framework 5

22 Changing passwords The general sequence of eents is as follows. 1. The Web security resource manager receies a request containing authentication information. In this example, an old password and a new password. 2. The Web security resource manager extracts the authentication information from the request. 3. The Web security resource manager passes the authentication information to the Base runtime. 4. The Base runtime passes the authentication information to the external authentication interface. 5. The external authentication interface formats the information, and then passes it to an authentication module that implements the xauthn_change_password() function. 6. The authentication module performs the password change operation and returns a status to the external authentication interface. 7. The external authentication interface returns the status to the Base runtime. 8. The Base runtime returns the status to the Web security resource manager. 9. The Web security resource manager then communicates either success or failure to the user. Adding extended attributes This authentication module is chained. Rather than being called directly ia the interface from the Web security resource manager, it is always called (if configured) after the completion of an authentication operation performed by another authentication module using the xauthn_authenticate() function. The general sequence of eents is as follows. 1. The Web security resource manager receies a request containing authentication information. In this example, a username and password. 2. The Web security resource manager extracts the authentication information from the request. 3. The Web security resource manager passes the authentication information to the Base runtime. 4. The Base runtime passes the authentication information to the external authentication interface. 5. The external authentication interface formats the information, and then passes it to an authentication module that implements the xauthn_authenticate() function. 6. The authentication module performs the actual authentication and returns an identity structure back to the external authentication interface. 7. The external authentication interface then passes the identity to the Base runtime. 8. The Base runtime recognizes that an extended attribute module has been configured and passes the identity structure back through the external authentication interface to the extended attributes authentication module. 9. The extended attributes authentication module adds extended attributes to the identity structure and returns it back to the external authentication interface. 10. The external authentication interface passes the identity structure back to the Base runtime. 6 IBM Tioli Access Manager for e-business: Web Security Deeloper Reference

23 11. The Base runtime passes the identity structure to the authorization API. The authorization API constructs a credential and returns it to the Base runtime. 12. The Base runtime then passes the credential back to the Web security resource manager, for use in authorizing and managing sessions with the user. Post password change processing This authentication module is chained. Rather than being called directly through the interface from the Web security resource manager, it is always called (when configured) after the completion of a change password operation performed by another authentication module using the xauthn_change_password() function. The general sequence of eents is as follows. 1. The Web security resource manager receies a request containing authentication information. In this example, an old password and a new password. 2. The Web security resource manager extracts the authentication information from the request. 3. The Web security resource manager passes the authentication information to the Base runtime. 4. The Base runtime passes the authentication information to the external authentication interface. 5. The external authentication interface formats the information, and then passes it to an authentication module that implements the xauthn_change_password() function. 6. The authentication module performs the password change operation and returns a status to the external authentication interface. 7. The external authentication interface returns the status to the Base runtime. 8. The Base runtime recognizes that a post password change module has been configured. 9. The Base runtime then passes the authentication information to the post password change module. 10. The module performs some operation, such as synchronizing the password with an external registry, and then returns a status to the external authentication interface. 11. The external authentication interface returns the status to the Web security resource manager. Password strength This authentication method was implemented, in preious ersions of Tioli Access Manager, by a shared library. This shared library has been deprecated. The authentication operation that was performed by the shared library is now performed within the external authentication interface. The general sequence of eents is as follows. 1. The Web security resource manager receies a request containing authentication information. In this example, an old password and a new password. 2. The Web security resource manager extracts the authentication information from the request. 3. The Web security resource manager passes the authentication information to the Base runtime. Chapter 1. Web security authentication framework 7

24 4. The Base runtime passes the authentication information to the external authentication interface. 5. The external authentication interface formats the information, and then passes it to an authentication module that implements the xauthn_change_password() function. 6. The xauthn_change_password() recognizes that a password strength check has been implemented. The password strength check is run, and decides whether the new password satisfies the password strength policy. 7. When the password strength policy is satisfied, the password is changed. When the password strength policy is not changed, the password change is denied. The status is returned to the external authentication interface. 8. The external authentication interface returns the status to the Base runtime. 9. The Base runtime returns the status to the Web security resource manager. 10. The Web security resource manager then communicates either success or failure to the user. 8 IBM Tioli Access Manager for e-business: Web Security Deeloper Reference

25 How to use this deeloper reference The basic steps for implementing a custom authentication module are: 1. Identify the type of authentication method and data that you want to process. You can write a custom authentication module for any of the authentication mechanisms supported by WebSEAL or the Plug-in for Web Serers. Instructions for deeloping authentication modules for each type of authentication operation are described in Chapter 3, Customizing authentication modules, on page 17. The cross-domain single sign-on authentication module requires additional instructions, including the optional use of the cross-domain mapping framework API. This is described in Chapter 4, Cross-domain single sign-on authentication, on page Build a custom library using the external authentication C API. For an oeriew of the external authentication interface and the cross-domain mapping framework, see Chapter 2, Application deelopment kit oeriew, on page 11. Reference pages for each of the external authentication interface functions are proided in Appendix A, External authentication C API reference, on page 55. Reference pages for the cross-domain mapping framework are proided in Appendix B, Cross-domain mapping framework C API reference, on page Configure the Web security resource manager to use the custom library for the specified data. You configure custom authentication modules into the secure Web serer by modifying entries in the secure Web serer configuration file. This deeloper reference proides configuration instructions in Chapter 3, Customizing authentication modules, on page 17 and Chapter 4, Cross-domain single sign-on authentication, on page 39. When you are ready to configure a new authentication module for WebSEAL, you should also reiew the detailed authentication configuration information in the IBM Tioli Access Manager for e-business WebSEAL Administration Guide. To reiew detailed configuration information for authentication modules used by the Plug-in for Web serers, see also the IBM Tioli Access Manager for e-business Plug-in for Web Serers Integration Guide. Chapter 1. Web security authentication framework 9

26 10 IBM Tioli Access Manager for e-business: Web Security Deeloper Reference

27 Chapter 2. Application deelopment kit oeriew The Web Security application deelopment kit proides two authentication APIs for use when writing authentication modules. The primary API is the external authentication API. The secondary API is the cross-domain mapping framework. This API is used to map user identities from a third-party registry entry to an identity known to the Tioli Access Manager registry. The ADK also contains a password strength library (deprecated) and a demonstration application that can be used to obtain examine credential information. In the following sections, this chapter describes the contents of each part of the ADK: External authentication API on page 12 Cross-domain mapping framework API on page 13 Password strength on page 14 EPAC demonstration application on page 15 Copyright IBM Corp. 1999,

28 External authentication API The Web security external authentication C API is part of the Web Security ADK package (PDWebADK). The ADK consists of the following components: API header files API library Source file Example pre-built authentication module library file (for demonstration only) Makefiles for building custom libraries The authentication module and external authentication C API components are located in a directory named pdxauthn_adk. The API components are contained in the following subdirectories: Directory include lib example Contains C header files: pdxauthn.h Contents Definition of function prototypes, client identity, and error codes used for authentication API functions xnlist.h User authentication data structure utility functions xattr.h User extended attributes data structure utility functions Contains the authentication module authentication static library files: UNIX systems: libpdxauthn.a Windows systems: pdxauthn.lib Contains: Source file (xauthn.c) for customization Makefile A pre-built platform-specific example library to demonstrate a functional authentication module. 12 IBM Tioli Access Manager for e-business: Web Security Deeloper Reference

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