17. GRASP: Designing Objects with Responsibilities

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1 17. GRASP: Designing Objects with Responsibilities Objectives Learn to apply five of the GRASP principles or patterns for OOD. Dr. Ziad Kobti School of Computer Science University of Windsor Understanding responsibilities is key to good object-oriented design. - Martin Fowler 1 2 Introduction Deciding what methods belong where and how objects should interact carries consequences and should be undertaken seriously. Master OOD by studying cases and named patterns in design. UML vs. Design Principles UML is simply a standard visual modeling language, knowing its details does not teach how to think in objects The critical design tool for software development is a mind well educated in design principles not the UML or any other technology! 3 4 Object Design What are Inputs to Object Design? Design example in an iterative method: What s been done? prior activities and artifacts How do things relate? influence of prior artifacts on OO design How much design modeling to do, and how? What s the output? Scenarios UML package diagrams Supplementary specifications Glossary Domain model How the analysis artifacts relate to object design? 5 6 1

2 What are Activities of Object Design? Given one or more of these inputs developers must: 1. Start immediately coding (test-first development) 2. Start some UML modeling for the object design or 3. Start with another modeling technique, such as CRC cards What are Activities of Object Design? UML s purpose is to visualize modeling using a language that allows us to explore more visually than we can with just raw text. The approach is to use a responsibility-driven design (RDD), thinking about how to assign responsibilities to collaborating objects 7 8 What are the Outputs? In terms of Interaction and class diagram E.g. Specifically for object design, UML interaction, class, and package diagrams for the difficult parts of the design that we wished to explore before coding UI sketches and prototypes Database models Report sketches and prototypes RDD A popular way of thinking about the design of software objects and also larger scale components is in terms of responsibilities, roles, and collaborations. This is a part of a larger approach called responsibilitydriven design or RDD. Object responsibilities = abstraction of what they do 9 10 Responsibility Responsibility - methods A contract or obligation of a classifier. Related to the obligations or behavior of an object in terms of its role. Two types of responsibilities: Doing Doing something itself, such as creating an object or doing a calculation Initiating action in other objects Controlling and coordinating activities in other objects Knowing Knowing about private encapsulated data Knowing about related objects Knowing about things it can derive or calculate Example: A Sale is responsible for creating SalesLineItems (a doing) A Sale is responsible for knowing its total (a knowing) Translation of responsibilities into classes and methods is influenced by the granularity of the responsibility. A responsibility is not the same thing as a method it s an abstraction but methods fulfill responsibilities

3 Responsibility - collaboration Responsibility - collaboration RDD includes the idea of collaboration. Responsibilities are implemented by means of methods that either act alone or collaborate with other methods and objects. The Sale class might define one or more methods to know its total; say, a method named gettotal. To fulfill that responsibility, the Sale may collaborate with other objects, such as sending a getsubtotal message to each SalesLineItem object asking for its subtotal RDD GRASP RDD is a general metaphor for thinking about OO software design. RDD leads to viewing an OO design as a community of collaborating responsible objects. GRASP names and describes some basic principles to assign responsibilities - to support RDD GRASP = A learning aid for OO Design with responsibilities GRASP principles or patterns are a learning aid to help understand essential object design and apply design reasoning in a methodical, rational, explainable way. This approach to understanding and using design principles is based on patterns of assigning responsibilities GRASP - goal Use GRASP as a tool to help master the basics of OOD and understanding responsibility assignment in object design. Responsibilities, UML, GRASP In the UML, drawing interaction diagrams becomes the occasion for considering these responsibilities (realized as methods) GRASP guides choices about assigning responsibilities. Can be applied while drawing UML interaction diagrams and while coding

4 What are Patterns? Good pattern - Patterns: Principles and idiomatic solutions built by experienced OO developers to guide in the creation of software. In OO Design, a pattern is a named description of a problem and solution that can be applied to new contexts Ideally a pattern advises on how to apply its solution in varying circumstances and considers the forces and trade-offs A good pattern is Named and Well-known problem/solution pair That can be applied in new contexts, with advice on how to apply it in novel situations and discussion of its tradeoffs, implementations, variations and so forth GoF GRASP Gang of Four (GoF) Design Patterns Gamma, Helm, Johnson, and Vlissides 23 patterns for OO design Defines nine basic OO design principles or basic building blocks in design One person s pattern is another person s primitive building block Background of OO Design Short Example with GRASP 1. The iterative process background prior artifacts, how they relate to OO model, how much time? RDD as a metaphor for object design a community of collaborating responsible objects 3. Patterns as a way to name and explain OO design ideas GRASP for basic patterns and assigning responsibilities, and GoF for more advanced design ideas. Patterns can be applied during modeling and during coding. 4. UML for OO design visual modeling, during which time both GRASP and GoF patterns can be applied

5 Applying GRASP to Object Design Creator GRASP = General Responsibility Assignment Software Patterns Suggest the importance of grasping these principles to successfully design object-oriented software. There are nine GRASP patterns: Creator Controller Pure Fabrication Information Expert High Cohesion Indirection Low Coupling Polymorphism Protected Variations Who should be responsible for creating a new instance of some class? (well assigned to support low coupling, increase clarity, encapsulation, and reusability) Creator Information Expert (or Expert) B is a creator of A objects Assign class B the responsibility to create an instance of class A if one of these is true (the more the better): B contains or compositely aggregates A B records A B closely uses A B has the initializing data for A that will be passed to A when it is created. Thus B is an Expert with respect to creating A. If more than one option applies, usually prefer a class B which aggregates or contains class A. What is a general principle of assigning responsibilities to objects? Assign a responsibility to the information expert the class that has the information necessary to fulfill the responsibility Start assigning responsibilities by clearly stating the responsibility Low Coupling Low Coupling How to support low dependency, low change impact, and increased reuse? Coupling is a measure of how strongly one element is connected to, has knowledge of, or relies on other elements. An element with low (or weak) coupling is not dependent on too many other elements such as classes, subsystems, systems A class with high (strong) coupling relies on many other classes. Problems: Forced local changes because of changes in related classes Harder to understand in isolation Harder to reuse because its use requires the additional presence of the classes on which it is dependent Assign a responsibility so that coupling remains low. Use this principle to evaluate alternatives. In practice, the level of coupling alone cannot be considered in isolation from other principles such as Expert and High Cohesion. Nevertheless, it is one factor to consider in improving a design

6 Controller Controller What first object beyond the UI layer receives and coordinates (controls) a system operation? System operations, first explored during the analysis of SSD, are the major input events upon our system. E.g. when a cashier using a POS terminal presses the End Sale button, he is generating a system event indicating the sale has ended. A controller is the first object beyond the UI layer that is responsible for receiving or handling a system operation message. Assign the responsibility to a class representing one of the following choices: Represents the overall system, a root object, a device that the software is running within, or a major subsystem these are all variations of a façade controller. Represents a use case scenario within which the system event occurs, often named <UseCaseName>Handler, <UseCaseName>Coordinator, or <UseCaseName>Session Use the same controller class for all system events in the same use case scenario Informally, a session is an instance of a conversation with an actor. Sessions can be of any length but are often organized in terms of use csaes. Normally a controller should delegate to other objects the work that needs to be done; it coordinates or controls the activity. It does not do much work itself High Cohesion High Cohesion How to keep objects focused, understandable, and manageable, and as a side effect, support Low Coupling? In terms of object design, [functional] cohesion, is a measure of how strongly related and focused the responsibilities of an element are. An element with highly related responsibilities that does not do a tremendous amount of work has high cohesion. These elements include classes, subsystems, and so on. Assign a responsibility so that cohesion remains high. Use this to evaluate alternatives. A class with low cohesion does many unrelated things or does too much work. Such classes are undesirable; they suffer from the following problems: Hard to comprehend Hard to reuse Hard to maintain Delicate; constantly affected by change Low cohesion classes often represent a very large grain of abstraction or have taken on responsibilities that should have been delegated to other objects

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