EVENT-DRIVEN PROGRAMMING

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1 LESSON 13 EVENT-DRIVEN PROGRAMMING This lesson shows how to package JavaScript code into self-defined functions. The code in a function is not executed until the function is called upon by name. This is first explored in the context of simply calling functions as the page is first loading. Then we will explore how to call functions as a reaction to a user event. This illustrates the paradigm of event-driven programming. Note that the section numbers are a bit messed up in this lesson some indicating 12 and some 13. At some point, I combined materials from two different lesson numbers into this document and haven t had time to deal with updating the section and example numbers SELF-DEFINED FUNCTIONS We have grown accustomed to using some of the built-in functions JavaScript supplies to help us do certain things. But now it is time to build our own functions to accomplish certain tasks. We will say that such functions are self-defined, where the self means whoever is writing the JavaScript program. A good way to think of a function abstractly is that it is a machine of some sort. All of the gears and mechanical parts on the inside are responsible for making it do whatever it does. For the built-in functions, we don't care how they do what they do. We just have to know what data to send a function and then what the result of calling the function is. That is pictured abstractly in Figure For a return function, you put data in and then it spits some value back out. For a void function, you put some data in and the function manipulates the browser environment, something like making a new window or writing to the Web page. (That's supposed to be a mechanical arm on the void function.) Figure Functions are "machines" to be used over and over again The good thing about machines is that they can be used time and time again to do something for you. Likewise, that is why programming languages make such good use of functions. If there is a chunk of code that you are going to need to use more than once, put the chunk of code inside a function. Then every time

2 2 you need to execute the code, just call the function. That's far better than copying and pasting the same chunk of code at various locations in a program. But again, with built-in functions we don t care how that chunk of code works. That was the concern of whomever wrote the JavaScript engine for the Web browser. But when we build our own, self-defined, functions we will create the stuff on the inside of the machine. Just what are function guts? Self-defined void functions When you define your own functions, you may or may not need to send any input to the function for it to do its job. The syntax for creating a function, with or without input, is shown in Figure Following the keyword function, you list the function's name which must be a legal variable name. Following that is a list of the function parameters in parentheses. These are just variables which will receive the input to the function. A function can have any number of parameters. If the function is to receive no data there are no parameters. As shown in the diagram, you still have to include the parentheses. Figure The syntax for creating functions The guts of a function are just ordinary JavaScript statements which make it do whatever it does. Let's construct a few example functions and see how they work. The first example function is demonstrated in Figure The hrule function takes no input, so no parameters are defined for it. All it does is to write a centered row of asterisks when called upon. Here you can start to see why we want you to think of functions as pre-packaged chunks of code. The code, however trivial it may be, is reused 5 times in this program.

3 3 Figure A void function with no parameters It is conventional to place the code for self-defined functions in the head section of the HTML document. The rationale is that a human reading the program would first read the function definition, and then when the calls to the function are encountered, the human would already know what the function does. Of course, the function definitions must be inside a script container. Observe that all of the function calls were made inside a script container as well. That's not surprising since function calls are just JavaScript statements, and all JavaScript statements must reside in script containers. The next function we create, named tip, is an updated version of the previous function. It is demonstrated in Figure This function takes a string as input. It is stored into a parameter named message. Observe that this function does more work than the previous one. It writes a line of asterisks, followed by two line breaks, followed by the message (the function's input) all centered in a paragraph. Notice how much cleaner this program is than that of Figure There is far less redundant HTML code. Reducing redundant code is a distinct advantage functions bring into the picture.

4 4 Figure A void function with one parameter The next example incorporates two functions into one example. Figure shows the program and the results of the sample calls to the functions. These functions are considerably more complicated since there is a loop inside each one and there are several levels of indentation (nesting). Consider the first function, hrule1. It is set up to receive data into a parameter named width and the input should be an integer. That's really all you need to observe. Now you can focus on the body of the function, ignoring the function wrapper in which it lives.

5 5 Figure Using two functions in one program Inside a function, a parameter works just like a normal variable. The width variable determines how many asterisks are written by the loop. The HTML paragraph element which centers the row of asterisks starts before the loop and ends after the loop because it only needs to be written once. In short, the number you send to the function when you call it determines how many passes the loop runs, hence how many asterisks are written. The hrule2 function is set up to take 2 pieces of input, the width of the row to write, and which string should be written repetitively by the loop. You can easily see how those variables are used in the loop since they are in boldface in the figure. Observe that each time this function is called, we send it two pieces of input since that is what it expects. In the top-down flow of a program, the body of a function is not executed unless the function is called. That means if you put a function in a program, but never call it, the code it contains will not be executed. That's not surprising since there is a ton of code lurking behind the scenes for all of the builtin functions, and that code is never executed until you call the function. (Imagine if the code in the alert function starting executing without you calling it.) Even if it doesn't execute a function, the JavaScript interpreter does look at the code in a function to the extent that it will find errors and potentially abort the script.

6 USER EVENTS Before exploring the details of the Browser Objects, we need to make a paradigm shift in the way we program. All of the scripts we have written are executed by the JavaScript interpreter as the Web page is first loading. (Well, OK. One exception is the transfer menu discussed in Section That should make a little more sense after this section.) By the time the Web page is fully rendered, the JavaScript has already done it's job. However, the time has come that we need to be able to write JavaScript code to react to a user events the user does something to the browser environment. Common examples of a user event, or simply an event, are a mouse click on a link or form button, passing the mouse onto or back off of a link or image, or even making a change to a pull-down menu. The main paradigm shift this brings into the picture is that such events can transpire long after the Web page is fully loaded, perhaps hours or days later. That means the JavaScript code we write to respond to events will lie dormant, perhaps for hours or days, until the event occurs. Of course, a veteran programmer immediately thinks of using functions, which always lie dormant until called upon. So the general strategy for handling user events is to associate a function with a particular user event. Then, whatever statements are inside the function determines the reaction to the event. This general strategy is shown in Figure Figure 13.4 A custom reaction to a link click event Setting href="#" in the anchor element cancels the default behavior of the link. If we had not placed the onclick event handler in the anchor element, this link would do absolutely nothing. Rather, the onclick event handler calls a self-defined JavaScript function. That function completely determines how the Web browser reacts to the event of the user clicking the link. Technically, event handlers are special properties of objects. They just sit around and "listen" for certain events. In fact, event handlers are sometimes called listeners. For example, when placed as an attribute of the anchor element as in Figure 13.4, onclick sits around and listens for click events for the link object. We will not need to formally consider event handlers as object properties until some special needs arise in subsequent lessons. In general, the easiest way to associate a function with a user event is to place the event handler as an attribute in the HTML element. <element event="function_name()" otheratt="value"... ></element> This will not affect the use of the other attributes you would normally use in the element.

7 7 A browser recognizes that an event handler placed as an HTML attribute requires JavaScript attention. So the browser transfers the job of reading the attribute's value to the JavaScript interpreter. That means the value can be any JavaScript statement, or even several statements. <element event="statement;statement;statement; "></element> In the vast majority of our examples, the value of an event-handling attribute will simply be a function call. But there will be times where we will use more than one statement. But those uses won't be as funky as this. <a href="#" onclick="x=7;y=8;z=x*y;alert(z)">click Me</a> This link actually does a simple arithmetic calculation! A given HTML element can only react to a predetermined set of events. Among others, a link can react to the following events: onclick onmouseover onmouseout -- The user clicks the link. -- The user passes the mouse onto the link. -- The use passes the mouse back off the link. The function which is called by an event handler can be built-in or self-defined. For the purpose of illustrating some events, we will simply call the built-in alert function. The Web page created by the HTML file shown in Figure 13.3 is capable of reacting to four different events. We have depicted the link's onmouseover event. The generic command button in the form simply calls alert when clicked. You should go to the Web site and play with this example to get a feel for that, and the load-related events in the body element.

8 8 Figure 13.5 A Web page which reacts to 4 different events The onload event occurs when the Web page first loads. That is not to say it occurs when the browser first starts reading the HTML file. Rather, onload occurs right when the browser is finished rendering the page. When placed in a page that takes a long time to load you can see a time delay before onload is triggered. We placed the loop in Figure 13.4 so that you can perceive such a delay, which should be a second or two depending on how fast you processor is. The onunload event occurs when the Web browser is transferred to a new URL. Again, this might not be immediate since it sometimes takes a browser a few seconds to do a DNS lookup (find the IP address) for the new page to be loaded. In general, the current page doesn't unload until the data from the new page starts arriving. You can trigger onunload by doing anything that causes another page to be loaded. That includes clicking a link, typing a new URL into the address field and hitting return, or even hitting the browser's refresh button to reload the same page. If you start hitting the refresh button in Figure 13.4, you are beset with a barrage of alert windows. The only case where onunload is triggered without the arrival of a new page is when you close the browser window. That fires off the onunload event handler immediately. The example of Figure 13.4 further emphasizes the paradigm shift in programming from input/output programming to event-driven programming. The code placed in self-defined functions might sit there for days waiting for the function to be called upon a user event. Much of the code we will write in the remainder of this book will be to provide customized reactions to user events.

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