Outline. Composite Pattern. Model-View-Controller Pattern Callback Pattern

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1 Outline Composite Pattern Motivation Structure Transparent vs Safe composite Applications: AWT & Swing Composite Problems: Alias references Model-View-Controller Pattern Callback Pattern 1

2 Composite Pattern Intent Representation of recursive part-whole hierarchies Individual objects and compositions of objects should be treated uniformly Motivation Operations applied uniformly on composites and single objects: move draw resize copy 2

3 Composite Pattern Example: File Structures Operations applied uniformly on composites and single objects: getsize setproperties delete 3

4 Composite Pattern Example: Menus Operations applied uniformly on composites and single objects: setname setenabled setmarked 4

5 Composite Pattern: Structure Figure draw() move(dx, dy) * parts Rectangle Oval Line GroupFigure draw() move(dx, dy) 0..1 for(figure f : parts) { f.draw(); } 5

6 Composite Pattern: Structure Composition B is a fixed part of A A * B Part may be part of at most one whole If whole is deleted, then also all its parts Whole acts substitutional for its parts, i.e. operations are propagated to its parts Sample: Car Tree structure Aggregation B is a variable part of A A * B Part may be part of several wholes Part may exist individually Sample: Organizational structure DAG structure 6

7 Composite Pattern: Structure 7

8 Composite Pattern: Structure Component operation() * parts Leaf operation() for(component c : parts) { c.operation(); } Composite operation() add(component) remove(component) getcomponents()

9 Composite Pattern: Participants Component Declares the interface for the objects in the composition Implements the default behavior Optionally: declares methods for accessing and managing child objects Leaf Defines behavior for primitive objects Composite Stores children references Defines behavior for components having children Implements methods for accessing and managing child objects Client Manipulates objects through the Component interface 9

10 Composite Pattern: Structure Component operation() add(component) remove(component) getcomponents() * parts Leaf operation() for(component c : parts) { c.operation(); } Composite operation() add(component) remove(component) getcomponents()

11 SAFE TRANSPARENT Composite Pattern Where should we define the Composite-specific methods? public void add(component c) { } public void remove(component c) { } public List<Component> getcomponents() { } // immutable list In Component In Composite 11

12 Composite Pattern: Transparent Approach How do we implement the composite-methods in the leaf nodes? Leafs can be seen as composites which never have children. Variant 1: Methods throw an exception for the leaf objects public void add(component c) { throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); } public void remove(component c) { throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); } public List getcomponents() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); } We need a possibility to check whether an object is a composite or not (program flow should not be controlled with exceptions) Exceptions may violate the contract (has to be documented) Method getcomponents could also return an empty list Only transparent on the interface level 12

13 Composite Pattern: Transparent Approach How do we implement the composite-methods in the leaf nodes? Leafs can be seen as composites which never have children Variant 2: Methods return a boolean result which informs the client whether the operation was successful public boolean add(component c) { return false; } public boolean remove(component c) { return false; } public List getcomponents() {return Collections.EMPTY_LIST;} With getcomponents().size() we can check whether the composite contains components or not We cannot test whether an object is a container or a component (as expected for a transparent solution), it either allows to add components or it does not. 13

14 Composite Pattern: Transparent Approach How do we implement the composite-methods in the leaf nodes? Leafs can be seen as composites which never have children Variant 3: Method iscomposite can be used to check whether a component is a composite or not Methods add/remove would declare iscomposite() as a precondition. public boolean iscomposite() { return false; } public void add(component c) { throw new AssertionError(); } public void remove(component c){throw new AssertionError();} public List getcomponents() {return Collections.EMPTY_LIST;} 20 April

15 Composite Pattern: Transparent Approach How do we implement the composite-methods in the leaf nodes? Leafs can be seen as composites which never have children Variant 4: default behavior is that nothing is done. Composites may strengthen this semantics. public void add(component c) { /* do nothing */ } public void remove(component c) { /* do nothing */ } public List getcomponents() {return Collections.EMTPY_LIST;} Truly transparent solution, but contracts for add/remove are weak, i.e. they only define that element is added/removed or not. Optionally, an additional method iscomposite() may be added (somehow violating the idea of transparency) Variant 5: Provide the full functionality 20 April

16 Composite Pattern: AWT Example AWT Component Button Label Container Checkbox Choice add(component) remove(component) getcomponent(int i)

17 Composite Pattern: Swing Example Swing JComponent add(component) remove(component) getcomponent(int i) JList JLabel JPanel JCheckBox JTable 17

18 Composite Pattern: AWT & Swing Component Button Label Container Checkbox Choice add(component) remove(component) getcomponent(int i) 0..1 JComponent add(component) remove(component) getcomponent(int i) JList JLabel JPanel JCheckBox JTable 18

19 Composite Pattern: AWT & Swing public class ButtonOnButton { public static void main(string[] args) { JButton b = new JButton("Button"); b.setlayout(new FlowLayout()); b.add(new JLabel("Label")); b.add(new JButton("Hallo")); } } JFrame p = new JFrame(); p.add(b); p.pack(); p.setvisible(true); 19

20 Composite Pattern: JavaFX Scene Graphs javafx.scene.node base class for scene graph nodes Node Camera MediaView Parent Shape ImageView #getchildren() +getchildrenunmodifiable() 0..1 Circle Rectangle Text 20

21 Composite Pattern: JavaFX Scene Graphs javafx.scene.parent base class for all nodes that have children in the scene graph getchildren is typically overridden to promote it to be public Parent #getchildren() +getchildrenunmodifiable() Region Group Control Slider TextInputControl 21

22 Composite: GroupFigure GroupFigures public class GroupFigure implements Figure { public GroupFigure(Figure... figures) { for (Figure f : figures) { addfigure(f); } } public void addfigure(figure f) {... } }... We assume that classes RectangleFigure and OvalFigure are available 22

23 Composite: GroupFigure Problem 1: Figure f1 = new RectangleFigure(... ); Figure f2 = new RectangleFigure(... ); Figure f3 = new OvalFigure(... ); GroupFigure g1 = new GroupFigure(f1, f2); GroupFigure g2 = new GroupFigure(f3, f1); 23

24 Composite: GroupFigure Problem 2: Figure f1 = new RectangleFigure(... ); Figure f2 = new RectangleFigure(... ); Figure f3 = new OvalFigure(... ); GroupFigure g1 = new GroupFigure(f1, f2); GroupFigure g2 = new GroupFigure(g1, f3); g1.addfigure(g2); 24

25 Composite: adding components void add(component c) { // 1. Check 0..1 constraint if(c.parent!= null) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("constraint violation"); } // 2. Check for recursion if(c instanceof Composite) { Composite comp = this; while (comp.parent!= null) { comp = comp.parent; } if(comp == c) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("recursion"); } } c.parent = this;... 25

26 Composite: adding components void add(component c) { // 1. Check for recursion if(c instanceof Composite) { Composite comp = this; while (comp!= null && comp!= c) { comp = comp.parent; } if(comp == c) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("recursion"); } } // 2. Establish 0..1 constraint if(c.parent!= null) { c.parent.remove(c); } c.parent = this;... 26

27 Composite: adding components SWT / Windows Parent reference has to be passed when the component is constructed Component may belong to at most one container Button(Composite parent, int style) // Constructs a new instance of this class given its // parent and a style value describing its behavior // and appearance. 27

28 Outline Composite Pattern Model-View-Controller Pattern Callback Pattern 28

29 Model-View-Controller (MVC) Compound Pattern A set of patterns working together that solves a recurring or general problem Model-View-Controller Software architecture pattern which separates the representation of information from the user's interaction with it Model: View: Controller: representation of application data & business logic presentation of the data (multiple views are possible) and the source of user interaction controls and mediates input, forwards it to the model 29

30 Model-View-Controller (MVC) Interactions View Model Controller * 5 1 * Controller reacts on user input and initiates state transfer on the model 2. Controller can update view directly (e.g. scrolling) 3. Notification of state changes (may affect look (view) and feel (controller)) 4. Access to the model data 5. View forwards interactions to the controller 30

31 Model-View-Controller (MVC) Patterns Observer Model = Observable View / Controller = Observers Information of the views and the controller about state changes Strategy Controller represents the behavior of the view. The behavior can be exchanged by replacing the strategy 31

32 Model-View-Controller (MVC) MVC Model 2 MVC adapted for use with the internet Client HTTP Request Servlet / Controller forward Operation data Model HTTP Response JSP / View Data request View is not registered as an observer in the model, it is informed about state changes from the controller 32

33 Outline Composite Pattern Model-View-Controller Pattern Callback Pattern 33

34 Interface / Callback Pattern Motivation How can the rectangle tool write into the status field? 34

35 Interface / Callback Pattern Structure in JDraw JTextField could be declared as a static reference Does not work with multiple views JTextField could be declared as a field in the StdDrawView class Too tight coupling, tool would only work with that particular implementation, could e.g. not be embedded in a browser (browser status field) 35

36 Interface / Callback Pattern Solution Definition of a callback interface DrawTool becomes independent of the concrete implementation Callback is registered in the using component over its constructor with a setcallback(callback cb) method 36

37 Interface / Callback Pattern Tight Coupling Client Service Independence through layering Client Service Impl Callback 37

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