Peter Sestoft. Java Precisely. Third Edition. The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England

Transcription

1 Peter Sestoft Java Precisely Third Edition The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England

2 Contents Preface Notational Conventions xi xii 1 Running Java: Compilation, Loading, and Execution 2 2 Names and Reserved Names 2 3 Java Naming Conventions 2 4 Comments and Program Layout 2 5 Types Primitive Types Reference Types Array Types Boxing: Wrapping Primitive Types as Reference Types Subtypes and Compatibility Signatures and Subsumption Type Conversion 6 6 Variables, Parameters, Fields, and Scope Values Bound to Variables, Parameters, or Fields Variable Declarations Scope of Variables, Parameters, and Fields 8 7 Strings String Formatting 12 8 Arrays Array Creation and Access Array Initializers Multidimensional Arrays The Utility Class Arrays 18 9 Classes Class Declarations and Class Bodies Top-Level Classes, Nested Classes, Member Classes, and Local Classes Class Modifiers The Class Modifiers public, final, abstract Subclasses, Superclasses, Class Hierarchy, Inheritance, and Overriding Field Declarations in Classes The Member Access Modifiers private, protected, public Method Declarations Parameter Arrays and Variable-Arity Methods 30

3 vi Contents 9.10 Constructor Declarations Nested Classes, Member Classes, Local Classes, and Inner Classes Anonymous Classes Initializer Blocks, Field Initializers, and Initializers Classes and Objects in the Computer What Is a Class? What Is an Object? Inner Objects Expressions Table of Expression Forms Arithmetic Operators Logical Operators Bitwise Operators and Shift Operators Assignment Expressions Conditional Expressions Object Creation Expressions Instance Test Expressions Field Access Expressions The Current Object Reference this Type Cast Expression Method Call Expressions Lambda Expressions (Java 8.0) Method Reference Expressions (Java 8.0) Statements Expression Statements Block Statements The Empty Statement Choice Statements Loop Statements Returns, Labeled Statements, Exits, and Exceptions The Try-with-Resources Statement The assert Statement Interfaces Interface Declarations Classes Implementing Interfaces Default and Static Methods on Interfaces (Java 8.0) Annotation Type Declarations Enum Types Exceptions, Checked and Unchecked Compilation, Source Files, Class Names, and Class Files 74

4 Contents vii 17 Packages and Jar Files Mathematical Functions String Builders and String Buffers Threads, Concurrent Execution, and Synchronization Threads and Concurrent Execution Locks and the synchronized Statement Operations on Threads Operations on Locked Objects The Java Memory Model and Visibility Across Threads Generic Types and Methods Generics: Safety, Generality, and Efficiency Generic Types, Type Parameters, and Type Instances How Can Type Instances Be Used? Generic Classes Constraints on Type Parameters How Can Type Parameters Be Used? Generic Interfaces Generic Methods Wildcard Type Arguments The Raw Type The Implementation of Generic Types and Methods Generic Collections and Maps Interface Collection<T> Interface List<T> and Its Implementations LinkedList<T> and ArrayList<T> Interface Set<T> and Its Implementations HashSet<T> and LinkedHashSet<T> Interface SortedSet<T> and Implementation TreeSet<T> Interface Map<K,V> and Implementation HashMap<K,V> Interface SortedMap<K,V> and Implementation TreeMap<K,V> Going through a Collection: Interfaces Iterator<T> and Iterable<T> Interface ListIterator<T> Equality, Hash Codes, and Comparison The Comparator<T> Interface The Utility Class Collections Choosing the Right Collection Class or Map Class Functional Interfaces (Java 8.0) Functional Programming Generic Functional Interfaces Primitive-Type Specialized Functional Interfaces Co variance and Contravariance in Functional Interfaces Interface Function<T,R> Interface UnaryOperator<T> 126

5 viii Contents 23.7 Interfaces Predicate<T> and BiPredicate<T,U> Interfaces Consumer<T> and BiConsumer<T,U> Interface Supplier<T> Interface BiFunction<T,U,R> Interface BinaryOperator<T> Streams for Bulk Data (Java 8.0) Creating Streams Stream Builders Methods on Streams Numeric Streams: DoubleStream, IntStream, and LongStream Summary Statistics for Numeric Streams Collectors on Streams Class Optional<T> (Java 8.0) Input and Output Creating an IO Stream from Another One Kinds of Input and Output Methods Imports, Exceptions, Thread Safety Sequential Character Input: Readers Sequential Character Output: Writers Printing Primitive Data to a Character Stream: Print Writer The Appendable Interface and the CharSequence Interface Reading Primitive Data from a Character Stream: StreamTokenizer Sequential Byte Input: InputStream Sequential Byte Output: OutputStream Binary Input-Output of Primitive Data: Datalnput and DataOutput Serialization of Objects: Objectlnput and ObjectOutput Buffered Input and Output Random Access Files: RandomAccessFile Files, Directories, and File Descriptors Thread Communication: PipedlnputStream and PipedOutputStream Socket Communication Reflection Reflective Use of Types: The Class<T> Class Reflection: The Field Class Reflection: The Method Class and the Constructor<T> Class Exceptions Thrown When Using Reflection Metadata Annotations What Is New in Java References 180

6 Contents ix Index 181