JAVA PROGRAMMING LAB. ABSTRACT EXTRA LAB, In this Lab you will learn working with recursion, JRX, Java documentations
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1 Islamic University of Gaza Faculty of Engineering Computer Engineering Dept. Computer Programming Lab (ECOM 2114) ABSTRACT EXTRA LAB, In this Lab you will learn working with recursion, JRX, Java documentations JAVA PROGRAMMING LAB Eng. Mustafa J. Dalloul Computer Programming Lab 4 December 2016
2 Recursion is a technique that leads to elegant solutions to problems that are difficult to program using simple loops. Suppose you want to find all the files under a directory that contain a particular word. How do you solve this problem? There are several ways to do so. An intuitive and effective solution is to use recursion by searching the files in the subdirectories recursively. To use recursion is to program using recursive methods that is, to use methods that invoke themselves. Recursion is a useful programming technique. In some cases, it enables you to develop a natural, straightforward, simple solution to an otherwise difficult problem. Example 1: Computing the factorial Write a java method that s find the factorial for any number according to its equation: Solution: n! = n (n 1) (n 2) 1 The factorial of a number n can be recursively defined as follows: 0! = 1; n! = n (n - 1)!; n > 0 public static int fact(int n){ if(n == 0){ return 1; else{ return n*fact(n-1); 1
3 Haw its work? See the next figure: Example 2: Computing Fibonacci Numbers The Fibonacci series begins with 0 and 1, and each subsequent number is the sum of the preceding two. The series can be recursively defined as: fib(0) = 0; fib(1) = 1; fib(index) = fib(index - 2) + fib(index - 1); index >= 2 Sol: public static int fib(int index) { if (index == 0) { return 0; else if (index == 1) { return 1; else { return fib(index - 1) + fib(index - 2); 2
4 How its work? See the next figure: If you think recursively, you can solve many problems using recursion. All recursive methods have the following characteristics: The method is implemented using an if-else or a switch statement that leads to different cases. One or more base cases (the simplest case) are used to stop recursion. Every recursive call reduces the original problem, bringing it increasingly closer to a base case until it becomes that case Often you need to write the code to validate user input such as to check whether the input is a number, a string with all lowercase letters, or a social security number. How do you write this type of code? A simple and effective way to accomplish this task is to use the regular expression. A regular expression (abbreviated regex) is a string that describes a pattern for matching a set of strings. Matching Strings Let us begin with the matches method in the String class. At first glance, the matches method is very similar to the equals method. For example, the following two statements both evaluate to true. 3
5 "Java".matches("Java"); "Java".equals("Java"); However, the matches method is more powerful. It can match not only a fixed string, but also a set of strings that follow a pattern. 4
6 Example 1 The pattern for social security numbers is xxx-xx-xxxx, where x is a digit. A regular expression for social security numbers can be described as [\\d]{3-[\\d]{2-[\\d]{4 " ".matches("[\\d]{3-[\\d]{2-[\\d]{4") returns true. " ".matches("[\\d]{3-[\\d]{2-[\\d]{4") returns false. Example 2 An even number ends with digits 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8. The pattern for even numbers can be described as [\\d]*[02468] "123".matches("[\\d]*[02468]") returns false. "122".matches("[\\d]*[02468]") returns true. Example 3 The pattern for telephone numbers is (xxx) xxx-xxxx, where x is a digit and the first digit cannot be zero. A regular expression for telephone numbers can be described as \\([1-9][\\d]{2\\) [\\d]{3-[\\d]{4 Note that to use ( is a special character, to use it you must ad \\ before that "(912) ".matches("\\([1-9][\\d]{2\\) [\\d]{3-[\\d]{4") returns true. " ".matches("\\([1-9][\\d]{2\\) [\\d]{3-[\\d]{4") returns false. Example 4 Suppose the last name consists of at most 25 letters and the first letter is in uppercase. The pattern for a last name can be described as [A-Z][a-zA-Z]{1,24 "Smith".matches("[A-Z][a-zA-Z]{1,24") returns true. "Jones123".matches("[A-Z][a-zA-Z]{1,24") returns false. The matches method in the String class returns true if the string matches the regular expression. The String class also contains the replaceall, replacefirst, and split methods for replacing and splitting strings. 5
7 The replaceall method replaces all matching substring and the replacefirst method replaces the first matching substring. For example, the following code System.out.println("Java Java Java".replaceAll("v\\w", "wi")); displays Jawi Jawi Jawi The split(regex) method splits a string into substrings delimited by the matches. For example, the following statement String[] tokens = "Java1HTML2Perl".split("\\d"); splits string "Java1HTML2Perl" into Java, HTML, and Perl and saved in tokens[0], tokens[1], and tokens[2]. Structure of a Javadoc comment A Javadoc comment is set off from code by standard multi-line comment tags /* and */. The opening tag (called begin-comment delimiter), has an extra asterisk, as in /**. 1. The first paragraph is a description of the method documented. 2. Following the description are a varying number of descriptive tags, signifying: 1. The parameters of the method ) 2. What the method returns ) 3. Any exceptions the method may throw ) 4. Other less-common tags such (a "see also" tag) The basic structure of writing document comments is to embed them inside /**... */. The Javadoc is written next to the items without any separating newline. Note that any import statements must precede the class declaration. The class declaration usually contains: // import statements /** Firstname Lastname example.com> 1.8 (current version number of program) 1.2 (the version of the package this class was first added to) */ public class Test { // class body 6
8 For methods there is (1) a short, concise, one line description to explain what the item does. This is followed by (2) a longer description that may span multiple paragraphs. The details can be explained in full here. This section, marked in brackets [], is optional. Lastly, there is (3) a tag section to list the accepted input arguments and return values of the method. Note that all of the Javadoc is treated as HTML so the multiple paragraph sections are separated by a " <p> " paragraph break tag. /** * Short one line description. (1) * <p> * Longer description. If there were any, it would be (2) * here. * <p> * And even more explanations to follow in consecutive * paragraphs separated by HTML paragraph breaks. * variable Description text text text. (3) Description text text text. */ public int methodname (...) { // method body with a return statement Variables are documented similarly to methods with the exception that part (3) is omitted. Here the variable contains only the short description: /** * Description of the variable here. */ private int debug = 0; Some of the available Javadoc tags are listed in the table below Tag & Parameter Usage Applies John Smith Describes an author. Class, Interface, version Provides software version entry. Max one per Class or Interface. Class, Interface, since-text Describes when this functionality has first existed. Class, Interface, Enum, 7
9 @see reference Provides a link to other element of documentation. Class, Interface, name description Describes a method parameter. description Describes the return value. classname classname description Describes an exception that may be thrown from this method. description Describes an outdated method. Class, Interface, Enum, {@inheritdoc Copies the description from the overridden method. Overriding Method {@link reference Link to other symbol. Class, Interface, Enum, {@value #STATIC_FIELD Return the value of a static field. Static Field {@code literal Formats literal text in the code font. It is equivalent to <code>{@literal</code>. Class, Interface, Enum, {@literal literal Denotes literal text. The enclosed text is interpreted as not containing HTML markup or nested javadoc tags. Class, Interface, Enum, 8
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