Programming Kotlin. Familiarize yourself with all of Kotlin s features with this in-depth guide. Stephen Samuel Stefan Bocutiu BIRMINGHAM - MUMBAI

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1 Programming Kotlin Familiarize yourself with all of Kotlin s features with this in-depth guide Stephen Samuel Stefan Bocutiu BIRMINGHAM - MUMBAI

2 Programming Kotlin Copyright 2017 Packt Publishing First published: January 2017 Production reference: Published by Packt Publishing Ltd. Livery Place 35 Livery Street Birmingham B3 2PB, UK. ISBN

3 Contents Preface 1 Chapter 1: Getting Started with Kotlin 7 Using the command line to compile and run Kotlin code 8 Kotlin runtime 10 The REPL 10 Kotlin for scripting 11 Kotlin with Gradle 12 Kotlin with Maven 15 IntelliJ and Kotlin 18 Eclipse and Kotlin 22 Mixing Kotlin and Java in a project 24 Summary 29 Chapter 2: Kotlin Basics 30 Vals and vars 30 Type inference 31 Basic types 32 Numbers 32 Booleans 33 Chars 34 Strings 34 Arrays 34 Comments 35 Packages 36 Imports 36 Wildcard imports 36 Import renaming 37 String templates 37 Ranges 38 Loops 39 Exception handling 40 Instantiating classes 41 Referential equality and structural equality 42 This expression 43 Scope 43

4 Visibility modifiers 43 Private 44 Protected 44 Internal 45 Control flow as expressions 45 Null syntax 46 Smart casts 47 Explicit casting 48 When expression 49 When (value) 49 When without argument 51 Function Return 52 Type hierarchy 53 Summary 54 Chapter 3: Object-Oriented Programming in Kotlin 55 Classes 56 Access levels 60 Nested classes 60 Data classes 63 Enum classes 63 Static methods and companion objects 64 Interfaces 69 Inheritance 73 Visibility modifiers 76 Abstract classes 78 Interface or abstract class 79 Polymorphism 79 Overriding rules 85 Inheritance versus composition 87 Class delegation 89 Sealed classes 91 Summary 92 Chapter 4: Functions in Kotlin 93 Defining functions 93 Single expression functions 94 Member functions 95 Local functions 95 Top-level functions 98

5 Named parameters 99 Default parameters 100 Extension functions 103 Extension function precedence 105 Extension functions on nulls 106 Member extension functions 106 Overriding member extension functions 107 Companion object extensions 109 Multiple return values 110 Infix functions 111 Operators 113 Operator overloading 114 Basic operators 115 In/contains 116 Get/set 117 Invoke 117 Comparison 118 Assignment 119 Java interop 120 Function literals 120 Tail recursive functions 121 Varargs 123 Spread operator 124 Standard library functions 124 Apply 125 Let 126 With 126 Run 126 Lazy 127 Use 127 Repeat 128 Require/assert/check 128 Generic functions 129 Pure functions 130 Java from Kotlin 131 Getters and setters 131 Single abstract methods 132 Escaping Kotlin identifiers 133 Java void methods 133

6 Kotlin from Java 134 Top-level functions 134 Default parameters 135 Object and static methods 135 Erasure naming 136 Checked exceptions 136 Summary 137 Chapter 5: Higher Order Functions and Functional Programming 138 Higher order functions 138 Returning a function 140 Function assignment 141 Closures 142 Anonymous functions 143 Function references 144 Top-level function references 144 Member and extension function references 144 Bound references 145 Function-literal receivers 146 Functions in the JVM 147 Bytecode 148 Function composition 149 Inline functions 151 Noinline 155 Currying and partial application 156 Currying in action 157 Adding currying support 158 Memoization 159 Implementing memoization 161 Type alias 162 Either 164 Fold 164 Projection 165 Further projection functions 167 Custom DSLs 169 Infix functions as keywords 170 Using function receivers in a DSL 173 Validation and error accumulation 174 Summary 177

7 Chapter 6: Properties 178 Why use properties? 178 Syntax and variations 181 Visibility 183 Late initialization 184 Delegated properties 185 Lazy initializations 191 Lateinit versus lazy 196 Observables 197 A non-null property delegate 198 Properties or methods? 198 Summary 200 Chapter 7: Null Safety, Reflection, and Annotations 201 Nullable types 202 Smart cast 203 Safe null access 203 Force operator 205 Elvis operator 206 Safe casting 207 Optionals 207 Creating and returning an Optional 208 Using an Optional 209 Reflection 209 KClass 210 Instantiation using reflection 211 Constructors 213 Instantiation with callby 214 Objects and companions 216 Useful KClass properties 217 Reflective functions and properties 218 Invoking a function reflectively 220 Declared and undeclared 220 Annotations 221 Annotation parameters 222 Standard annotations 225

8 @JvmOverloads 226 Runtime annotation discovery 227 Summary 228 Chapter 8: Generics 229 Parameterised functions 229 Parameterized types 231 Bounded polymorphism 232 Upper bounds 232 Multiple bounds 233 Type variance 234 Invariance 234 Covariance 235 Covariant return 237 Contravariance 237 Variance overview 240 Nothing type 241 Type projection 242 Type erasure 244 Type reification 248 Recursive type bounds 250 Algebraic data types 253 Summary 258 Chapter 9: Data Classes 259 Automatic creation of getters and setters 261 The copy method 262 tostring out of the box 267 hashcode and equals methods generated for you 268 Destructed declarations 271 Destructing types 272 Data class definition rules 273 Limitations 276 Summary 276 Chapter 10: Collections 277 Class hierarchy 277 Arrays 285 Lists 294 Maps 299 Sets 302

9 Read-only views 305 Indexed access 305 Sequences 306 Summary 311 Chapter 11: Testing in Kotlin 312 Getting started 312 Choosing a spec 313 Matchers 316 String matchers 317 Collection matchers 317 Floating point matchers 318 Expecting exceptions 319 Combining matchers 319 Custom matchers 320 Inspectors 322 Interceptors 324 The test case interceptor 324 The spec interceptor 325 Project config 326 Property testing 327 Specifying a generator 328 A custom generator 328 Table-driven testing 329 Testing non-deterministic code 330 Tags, conditions, and config 332 Config 332 Conditions 333 Tags 333 One instance 334 Resources 335 Summary 335 Chapter 12: Microservices with Kotlin 336 Definition 337 Drawbacks 340 Why microservices? 341 Lagom 342 Defining services 352 Implementing a Lagom service 355 Summary 359

10 Chapter 13: Concurrency 361 Threads 361 Blocking 363 Creating a thread 363 Stopping a thread 364 Thread interrupts 366 CPU-bound versus I/O-bound 367 Deadlocks and livelocks 368 Dining philosophers problem 369 Executors 370 Race conditions 371 Monitors 373 Locks 375 Read-write locks 376 Semaphores 377 The bounded buffer problem 377 Concurrent collections 380 ConcurrentHashMap 381 A blocking queue 381 Atomic variables 382 CountDownLatch 383 Cyclic Barrier 385 Non-blocking I/O and asynchronous programming 387 Futures 388 Summary 390 Index 391

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