Continuous integration & continuous delivery. COSC345 Software Engineering

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1 Continuous integration & continuous delivery COSC345 Software Engineering

2 Outline Integrating different teams work, e.g., using git Defining continuous integration / continuous delivery We use continuous integration (CI) to mean cont. delivery too What you might use CI to achieve Virtual machines and Docker containers Integration between CI and git Contrasting some web-based CI offerings from GitHub, Bitbucket, and GitLab,!2

3 Possible git software engineering workflow Your software has a production release tracked with git Let s say production releases come from the master branch Say there are two teams of developers doing two things fixing of a bug adding a new feature How do you best support both teams working in parallel? Could have both teams commit to the master branch? e.g. Software Carpentry collaboration lesson referred to in tutorials This potentially leaves state of master branch unstable!3

4 Branching from and merging to production Instead, create two branches: bug3627 & feature231 Each team finishes their work on their own branch then branches are merged into the master branch * 7d4e7df - (HEAD -> master) Merge branches 'bug3627' and 'feature231' \ * 5345fdf - (feature231) Augmented string. * 9ae53e6 - (bug3627) Added header comment required by house style. / * 6c35da6 - Initial code. * c4ef416 - initial commit!4

5 FYI: git rebase What if a change should have been made before *-. 5fd963e - (HEAD -> master) Merge branches 'bug3627' \ \ * f316ee6 - (feature231) highlighted code entry point * 5345fdf - Augmented string. * 5a709f6 - (bug3627) highlighted code entry point * 9ae53e6 - Added header comment required by house style. / * ed704a5 - highlighted code entry point / * 6c35da6 - Initial code. * c4ef416 - initial commit branches split from master? Can apply the update to both branches and master Or git rebase allows your changes to be made before the branch splits off so cleaner log, but rewrites history i.e. commit IDs on branches change! Can disrupt your collaborators * 4d5ef6c - (HEAD -> master) Merge branches 'bug3627' and 'feature231' \ * 004a28d - (feature231) Augmented string. * d39b3d4 - (bug3627) Added header comment required by house style. / * ed704a5 - highlighted code entry point * 6c35da6 - Initial code. * c4ef416 - initial commit!5

6 Risk of working on branches for too long As master branch continues to develop it usually takes more work to get bug or feature branch to merge in Need to resolve merge conflicts? Many tutorials online e.g. Software Carpentry s lesson Automatic processes can alert teams to diverging code (I try to git rebase my local commits to master, periodically) While working on code on any branch, it is best not to wait too long before checking that system still builds!6

7 Continuous integration (CI) / delivery (CD) Continuous integration was originally about avoiding branches becoming difficult to merge i.e., integrate small code chunks into your main code base Now CI is about having automated processes that assist with the quality control of your code i.e., ensure that fixing a bug doesn t introduce new bugs Provide immediate feedback on the health of the code Deliver the artefacts produced by your build process!7

8 What might you want to do with CI? Compile your code find errors quickly Link and build find our packaging problems Extract documentation e.g., Doxygen, etc. Perform tests you do have unit tests, right? Static analysis of your code applying formal methods Update status indicators, e.g., send build notifications Deploy your code to a website or an online store Pretty much anything and it might be app-specific!8

9 Portability of your build environment? Trying to build simple, standards-compliant code? Possibly builds anywhere with little work For proper reproducibility, need to control at least: compiler version; libraries linked against; and OS version of build system But physical build servers should be replaceable Performance of the build process does not manner too much A perfect use for virtual servers (virtualisation)!9

10 Virtual machines (VMs) Host' runs guest virtual machines as OS processes Guests typically do not need to know that they are VMs Can facilitate emulation of non-native hardware Newer hardware in CPU, and software (paravirtualisation) now means VMs can run at near-native speeds Connecting back to our components lectures: Your build system is a component including its dependencies However VMs typically occupy real physical RAM: so hosting lots of them simultaneously requires a rather large server!10

11 Virtualisation hosts Many flavours for different needs: QEMU both emulator (dynamic translation) and virtualiser Sun Oracle VirtualBox free, mostly open source, provides GUI VMware an industry leader with many products Xen Open source hypervisor; originally for paravirtualisation KVM Virtualisation within Linux main-line kernel May want to just have a non-gui link to guest VM Vagrant system above VirtualBox, etc. full virtualisation. Docker is a host for containers not full virtualisation!11

12 Docker and other container technologies Containers are like VMs, but share one Linux kernel This makes them memory efficient and very quick to start Can link parts of their storage and network to the host OS Also easy to link containers to each other as components Filesystems used by the container are distributed efficiently Common layers can be factored out, such as a base Linux layer Over the base layer, just store the delta for, e.g., a DB container Another emerging technology: unikernels Specialised OS instances that are only able to perform one role!12

13 CI takes advantage of git hooks Almost all version control systems include hooks These facilitate running user-defined code at certain times Git, for CI, often uses the post-commit hook i.e., run some code after each and every commit Many other hooks available (client-side e.g.s shown): pre-commit hook can make commits fail based on scripts post-checkout, pre-push, post-merge, commit-msg,!13

14 Terminology used by Travis CI Notion of processing pipelines spans well beyond CI e.g. used for processing data from scientific experiments GitHub doesn t do CI itself: integrates, e.g., Travis CI jobs clone your repo. and carry out sequential phases of work builds collect groups of jobs, running jobs in parallel stages Travis CI environments: container, full VM, or macos Add a.travis.yml file to your repository to give instructions to CI We ll explore CI configuration in a tutorial!14

15 Terminology used by Bitbucket & GitLab Bitbucket has a notion of pipelines directly integrated: Each step of your bitbucket-pipelines.yml definition starts a new Docker container with a clone of your repository and runs the contents of the respective script section in that container Templates available: PHP, JS, Java, Python, Ruby, C#, C++, GitLab also has pipelines built in: A pipeline is a group of jobs that are executed in parallel within stages defined within your.gitlab-ci.yml file. Jobs are executed on runners that you register with GitLab GitLab Runner can use Docker containers, and more!15

16 GitHub Pages relies on CI / CD As demonstrated in tutorials, GitHub Pages provide a means for git repositories to appear as static websites A CI/CD pipeline is how your repository ends up on webserver GitHub Pages can host HTML (etc.) content straight from git repositories, but CI/CD actually involves Jekyll Jekyll is a complete static site generator with templates, etc. e.g., the source code of the Software Carpentry git lesson Follow the Improve this page link at the top of any of the pages!16

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