CSE 484 / CSE M 584: Computer Security and Privacy. Web Security. Autumn Tadayoshi (Yoshi) Kohno
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1 CSE 484 / CSE M 584: Computer Security and Privacy Web Security Autumn 2018 Tadayoshi (Yoshi) Kohno yoshi@cs.washington.edu Thanks to Dan Boneh, Dieter Gollmann, Dan Halperin, Ada Lerner, John Manferdelli, John Mitchell, Franziska Roesner, Vitaly Shmatikov, Bennet Yee, and many others for sample slides and materials...
2 Admin HW2: Due Nov 7, 4:30pm Looking ahead, rough plan: Lab 2 out ~Nov 5, due ~Nov 19 (Quiz Section on Nov 8) HW 3 out ~Nov 19, due ~Nov 30 Lab 3 out ~Nov 26, due Dec 7 (Quiz Section on Nov 29) HW1s were awesome 10/29/2018 CSE 484 / CSE M 584 2
3 Big Picture: Browser and Network Browser OS Hardware request reply website Network 5/4/2018 CSE 484 / CSE M 584 3
4 Where Does the Attacker Live? Mitigation: SSL/TLS (not this lecture) Browser OS Hardware Malware attacker request Network attacker reply website Web attacker Network Mitigation: Browser security model (today) 5/4/2018 CSE 484 / CSE M 584 4
5 Web Attacker Controls a malicious website (attacker.com) Can even obtain SSL/TLS certificate for site User visits attacker.com why? Phishing , enticing content, search results, placed by an ad network, blind luck Attacker has no other access to user machine! Variation: good site honest.com, but: An iframe with malicious content included Website has been compromised 5/4/2018 CSE 484 / CSE M 584 5
6 Two Sides of Web Security (1) Web browser Responsible for securely confining content presented by visited websites (2) Web applications Online merchants, banks, blogs, Google Apps Mix of server-side and client-side code Server-side code written in PHP, Ruby, ASP, JSP Client-side code written in JavaScript Many potential bugs: XSS, XSRF, SQL injection 5/4/2018 CSE 484 / CSE M 584 6
7 All of These Should Be Safe Safe to visit an evil website Safe to visit two pages at the same time Safe delegation 5/4/2018 CSE 484 / CSE M 584 7
8 Browser Security Model Goal 1: Protect local system from web attacker Browser Sandbox Goal 2: Protect/isolate web content from other web content Same Origin Policy (plus sandbox) 5/4/2018 CSE 484 / CSE M 584 8
9 Browser Sandbox Goals: Protect local system from web attacker; protect websites from each other E.g., safely execute JavaScript provided by a website No direct file access, limited access to OS, network, browser data, content from other websites Tabs (new: also iframes!) in their own processes Implementation is browser and OS specific* *For example, see: From Chrome Bug Bounty Program 5/4/2018 CSE 484 / CSE M 584 9
10 Same Origin Policy Goal: Protect/isolate web content from other web content Website origin = (scheme, domain, port) [Example from Wikipedia] 5/4/2018 CSE 484 / CSE M
11 Same Origin Policy Goal: Protect/isolate web content from other web content Website origin = (scheme, domain, port) [Example from Wikipedia] 5/4/2018 CSE 484 / CSE M
12 Same Origin Policy is Subtle! Some examples of how messy it gets in practice Browsers don t (or didn t) always get it right... We ll talk about: DOM / HTML Elements Navigation Cookie Reading Cookie Writing Iframes vs. Scripts 5/4/2018 CSE 484 / CSE M
13 HTML + Document Object Model <html> <body> <h1>this is the title</h1> <div> <p>this is a sample page.</p> <script>alert( Hello world );</script> <iframe src= > </iframe> </div> </body> </html> Document Object Model (DOM) h1 body div p script iframe body 5/4/2018 CSE 484 / CSE M
14 Same-Origin Policy: DOM Only code from same origin can access HTML elements on another site (or in an iframe) iframe.html iframe.html (the parent) can access HTML elements in the iframe (and vice versa). (the parent) cannot access HTML elements in the iframe (and vice versa). 5/4/2018 CSE 484 / CSE M
15 Question: Who Can Navigate a Frame? Older Issue awglogin Solution: Modern browsers only allow a frame to navigate its descendent frames window.open(" window.open(" "awglogin") If bad frame can navigate sibling frames, attacker gets password! 5/4/2018 CSE 484 / CSE M
16 Browser Cookies HTTP is stateless protocol Browser cookies used to introduce state Websites can store small amount of info in browser Used for authentication, personalization, tracking Cookies are often secrets POST login.php username and pwd Browser HTTP Header: Set-cookie: login_token=13579; domain = (who can read) ; expires = (when expires) GET restricted.html Cookie: login_token=13579 Server 5/4/2018 CSE 484 / CSE M
17 Same Origin Policy: Cookie Reading Websites can only read/receive cookies from the same domain Can t steal login token for another site s cookie .com s Server s cookie Ad.com s Server 5/4/2018 CSE 484 / CSE M
18 Same Origin Policy: Cookie Writing Which cookies can be set by login.site.com? allowed domains login.site.com.site.com disallowed domains othersite.com.com user.site.com login.site.com can set cookies for all of.site.com (domain suffix), but not for another site or top-level domain (TLD) 5/4/2018 CSE 484 / CSE M
19 Problem: Who Set the Cookie? login.site.com Browser Set-Cookie: Domain:.site.com Value: userid=alice, token=1234 Not a violation of the SOP! Set-Cookie: Domain:.site.com Value: userid=bob, token=5678 evil.site.com Cookie: userid=bob, token=5678 cse484.site.com 5/4/2018 CSE 484 / CSE M
20 Same-Origin Policy: Scripts 5/4/2018 CSE 484 / CSE M
21 Same-Origin Policy: Scripts When a website includes a script, that script runs in the context of the embedding website. <script src= </script> The code from can access HTML elements and cookies on If code in script sets cookie, under what origin will it be set? What could possibly go wrong? 5/4/2018 CSE 484 / CSE M
22 Foreshadowing: SOP Does Not Control Sending A webpage can send information to any site Can use this to send out secrets Example: leak info via image <img src= > 5/4/2018 CSE 484 / CSE M
23 Cross-Origin Communication Sometimes you want to do it Cross-origin network requests Access-Control-Allow-Origin: <list of domains> Unfortunately, often: Access-Control-Allow-Origin: * Cross-origin client side communication HTML5 postmessage between frames Unfortunately, many bugs in how frames check sender s origin 5/4/2018 CSE 484 / CSE M
24 What about Browser Plugins? Examples: Flash, Silverlight, Java, PDF reader Goal: enable functionality that requires transcending the browser sandbox Increases browser s attack surface Good news: plugin sandboxing improving, and need for plugins decreasing (due to HTML5 and extensions) 5/4/2018 CSE 484 / CSE M
25 News: Goodbye Flash 5/4/2018 CSE 484 / CSE M
26 What about Browser Extensions? Most things you use today are probably extensions Examples: AdBlock, Ghostery, Mailvelope Goal: Extend the functionality of the browser (Chrome:) Carefully designed security model to protect from malicious websites Privilege separation: extensions consist of multiple components with well-defined communication Least privilege: extensions request permissions 5/4/2018 CSE 484 / CSE M
27 What about Browser Extensions? But be wary of malicious extensions: not subject to the same-origin policy can inject code into any webpage! 5/4/2018 CSE 484 / CSE M
28 Summary of Overview Browser security model (thus far) Browser sandbox: isolate web from local machine Same origin policy: isolate web content from different domains Also: Isolation for plugins and extensions Web application security (upcoming) How (not) to build a secure website 5/4/2018 CSE 484 / CSE M
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