Web Architecture and Technologies
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1 Web Architecture and Technologies Ambient intelligence Fulvio Corno Politecnico di Torino, 2015/2016
2 Goal Understanding Web technologies Adopted for User Interfaces Adopted for Distributed Application Integration 2013/2014 Ambient intelligence: technology and design 2
3 Web Architecture and Technologies WEB ARCHITECTURE OVERVIEW HISTORICAL EVOLUTION 2013/2014 Ambient intelligence: technology and design 3
4 N-tier (N-level) architecture Browser Internet infrastructure Web Server Client Application Server Each level/tier has a well defined role One or more servers implement each tier/layer Servers can share hardware Communication between tiers/levels through the network Database Server 3 rd party services 2013/2014 Ambient intelligence: technology and design 4
5 General Architecture Internet Server(s) Client Historically, a web browser But also: Mobile application Desktop application Other server application Logical server: A process that runs on a host that relays information to a client upon the client sending it a request. Physical server : A host computer on a network that holds information (eg, Web sites) and responds to requests for information 2013/2014 Ambient intelligence: technology and design 5
6 Web server (logical) Manages the HTTP protocol (handles requests and provides responses) Receives client requests Reads static pages/contents from the filesystem Activates the application server for dynamic pages/content generation (server-side) Provides an file (HTML, or other) back to the client One HTTP connection for each request Multi-process, Multi-threaded or Process pool 2013/2014 Ambient intelligence: technology and design 6
7 Example Internet Web server HTML files Client URL http request path display page http response send HTML browser TCP/IP server file system 2013/2014 Ambient intelligence: technology and design 7
8 Adopted standards URL (uniform resource locator) for finding web pages HTML (hyper text markup language) for writing web pages GIF (graphics interchange format), PNG (portable network graphics), JPEG, for images HTTP (hyper text transfer protocol) for client-server interaction TCP/IP (transmission control protocol over internet protocol) for data transfer 2013/2014 Ambient intelligence: technology and design 8
9 HTML in 5 minutes /2014 Ambient intelligence: technology and design 9
10 URL RFC DNS URI Rewriting TCP /srv/www/elite/courses/01prd-ami File system Contact server HTML file contents HTTP Request 2013/2014 Ambient intelligence: technology and design 10
11 URI Basics Scheme Hostname Scheme Hostname Query Scheme Userinfo Hostname Port Query Scheme Hostname Query Fragment /2014 Ambient intelligence: technology and design 11
12 HTTP protocol RFC 2616, RFC GET / HTTP/1.1 Host: elite.polito.it User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows HTTP/1.0 NT ; OK WOW64; rv:37.0) Gecko/ Firefox/37.0 Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8 Cache-Control: no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate, Accept-Language: it-it,it;q=0.8,en-us;q=0.5,en;q=0.3 Connection: Keep-Alive Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate Content-Encoding: gzip Cookie: utma= ; Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8 Connection: keep-alive Date: Wed, 08 Apr :36:24 GMT Expires: Mon, 1 Jan :00:00 GMT Keep-Alive: timeout=15, max=100 Last-Modified: Wed, 08 Apr :36:24 GMT Pragma: no-cache Server: Apache/2.4.6 (Linux/SUSE) Transfer-Encoding: chunked X-Powered-By: PHP/ p3p: CP="NOI ADM DEV PSAi COM NAV OUR OTRo STP IND DEM«<!DOCTYPE HTML> <html xmlns=" xml:lang="en-gb"> <head> /2014 Ambient intelligence: technology and design 12
13 Browser developer tools 2013/2014 Ambient intelligence: technology and design 13
14 Performance measures Latency: time required for providing a 0 byte http page. Includes the server activation time, the request decoding time, the file access time, the transmission time and the time for closing the connection. Unit of measure: http/s or s/http Throughput: maximum speed at which infinite-sized pages can be sent. Unit of measure: Bytes (Mbytes)/s #Requests / s 2013/2014 Ambient intelligence: technology and design 14
15 Delay time T = Latency + ResponseBytes / Throughput This equation is valid if: The other architecture elements (I/O subsystem, network,...) are not overloaded The web server has not yet reached its maximum workload Example: Latency: 0,1s ResponseBytes : 100kBytes Throughput: 800kBytes/s T= 0,1s+ 100KBytes / 800KBytes/s =0,225s 2013/2014 Ambient intelligence: technology and design 15
16 Static web transaction Browser Web server t 0 t 1 t 2 t 3 t 6 t 7 t 8 t 9 t 0 t 1 Disk access t 4 t 5 server response time network transfer time total response time user think time 2013/2014 Ambient intelligence: technology and design 16
17 General Architecture Web server (Apache, IIS) HTM HTML file Display Browser Mouse/ Keyboard i n t e r n e t Image file IMG Web application (PHP, JSP, ) Layout engine IMG HTM 2013/2014 Ambient intelligence: technology and design 17
18 The most adopted web servers Source: /2014 Ambient intelligence: technology and design 18
19 Application server Dynamic page generation and content generation Manages the site business logic It s the middle tier between the client browser and the data residing on a database Implements the session mechanisms Different technologies and architectures are available 2013/2014 Ambient intelligence: technology and design 19
20 Dynamic web transaction Internet Web server Application Client URL & data display page http request with data http response send command parameters HTML logic browser TCP/IP server application 2013/2014 Ambient intelligence: technology and design 20
21 Adopted standards HTTP-POST for sending user-specified data In addition to URL-encoding in GET requests Technologies for integrating application logic into web servers Obsolete: CGI (common gateway interface), ISAPI (internet information server application programming interface), server-side script java servlets ASP (active server pages), JSP, PHP, PERL, Python as new languages for application development 2013/2014 Ambient intelligence: technology and design 21
22 URL (HTTP GET) Application Parameters CPU Disk Libraries HTML 2013/2014 Ambient intelligence: technology and design 22
23 Dynamic web transaction Browser Web server Application server t 0 t 1 t 2 t 3 t 4 t 6 t 7 t 5 t 8 t 9 t 0 t 1 application time total server time total response time 2013/2014 Ambient intelligence: technology and design 23
24 General Architecture Web server (Apache, IIS) HTM HTML file Display Browser Mouse/ Keyboard i n t e r n e t Image file IMG Web application (ASP, PHP, JSP, ) Layout engine IMG HTM 2013/2014 Ambient intelligence: technology and design 24
25 Database server Stores the data on which the application server works. Executes the queries issued by the application server: Updates the stored data Inserts new data Provides back query results The most frequent/complex queries can be implemented internally as stored procedures (precompiled queries with parameters) 2013/2014 Ambient intelligence: technology and design 25
26 Example Internet Web server Application Database Client URL & data http req command parameters query display page http resp send HTML data browser TCP/IP server application database 2013/2014 Ambient intelligence: technology and design 26
27 Adopted standards Cookies for storing the state of a session Java, JavaScript, ActiveX, Flash to program the user interface on the browser SQL (structured query language), ODBC (open database connectivity) to access data bases 2013/2014 Ambient intelligence: technology and design 27
28 Database server Queries are almost always in SQL SELECT * FROM table;... Often adopts the relational database model Other models can be used Object model Triple model The most advanced/complete solutions are called Transaction servers 2013/2014 Ambient intelligence: technology and design 28
29 Database-driven transaction Browser Web server Application server Database server t 0 t 1 t 2 t 3 t 4 application time t 6 t /2014 Ambient intelligence: technology and design 29 t 5 total server time total response time database time t 8 t 9 t 0 t 1
30 Example (PHP) The application composes the query <?php $query = SELECT doc_id FROM key_doc_index, keywords WHERE key_doc_index.key_id = keywords.id AND keywords.key = $_REQUEST[ query ]; ; The query is sent to the db-server and a rowset containing the results is returned $rowset = mysql_query($query); while($row = mysql_fetch_row($rowset)) { //elaborate data }?> The application elaborates the data 2013/2014 Ambient intelligence: technology and design 30
31 General Architecture Web server (Apache, IIS) HTM HTML file Display Layout engine Browser Mouse/ Keyboard i n t e r n e t Image file IMG Web application (ASP, PHP, JSP, ) SQL Database Server DBMS IMG HTM Data base 2013/2014 Ambient intelligence: technology and design 31
32 General Architecture Web server (Apache, IIS) HTM HTML file IMG Display Layout engine CSS Browser DOM HTM Mouse/ Keyboard Javascript engine HTM JS i n t e r n e t Image file IMG CSS stylesheets CSS Javascript JS Web application (ASP, PHP, JSP, ) SQL Database Server DBMS Data base 2013/2014 Ambient intelligence: technology and design 32
33 Web 2.0 Web applications support social interaction models Peer exchange and user-contributed content instead of rigid publisher/reader pattern Online communities Rich, dynamic, interactive user interfaces Integration of contents across web sites (mashups) 2013/2014 Ambient intelligence: technology and design 33
34 Rich-Client Asynchronous Transactions Internet Web server Application Database Client-side Application Client http runtime URL DOM display page events browser XML/JSON http http TCP/IP send command parameters HTML query data server applicationdatabase 2013/2014 Ambient intelligence: technology and design 34
35 Adopted standards Dynamic HTML: DOM, Javascript, CSS JavaScript, Flash to handle a runtime environment on the browser DOM (XHTML Document Object Model) to allow on-the fly modification of the web page CSS 2.1 to modify attribute and handle objects AJAX: Asynchronous Javascript and XML XMLHttpRequest for asynchronous communication to the server Data transfer formats: JSON, XML, RDF, RSS, Atom, FOAF,... Mash-up technology 2013/2014 Ambient intelligence: technology and design 35
36 Rich-client transaction Browser t 0 t 1 t 8 t 9 t 0 t 1 Runtime Web server Application server Database server t 2 t 3 t 4 t 6 t 7 t /2014 Ambient intelligence: technology and design 36
37 General Architecture Web server (Apache, IIS) Data XML, JSON HTM HTML file IMG Display Layout engine CSS Browser DOM HTM Mouse/ Keyboard Javascript engine HTM JS i n t e r n e t Image file IMG CSS stylesheets CSS Javascript JS Web application (ASP, PHP, JSP, ) SQL Database Server DBMS Data base 2013/2014 Ambient intelligence: technology and design 37
38 Distributed transactions Internet Web server Application Client XML/JSON Internet Web server Application 2013/2014 Ambient intelligence: technology and design 38
39 AmI control Internet Web server Application Client Application 2013/2014 Ambient intelligence: technology and design 39
40 AmI control via http Internet Web server Application Client XML/JSON Internet, LAN, WLAN Web server Application 2013/2014 Ambient intelligence: technology and design 40
41 General Architecture Data XML JSON Client Application XML JSON i n t e r n e t Web server Web server Server application Database Server DBMS Data base 2013/2014 Ambient intelligence: technology and design 41 i n t e r n e t SQL Environ ment
42 License These slides are distributed under a Creative Commons license Attribution NonCommercial ShareAlike (CC BY-NC-SA) 3.0 You are free to: Share copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format Adapt remix, transform, and build upon the material The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms. Under the following terms: Attribution You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. NonCommercial You may not use the material for commercial purposes. ShareAlike If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. No additional restrictions You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits /2014 Ambient intelligence: technology and design 42
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