COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL. Part 1: Mac OS X Basics

Transcription

1 Part 1: Mac OS X Basics Task 1: Logging In, Setting Automatic Login, and Logging Off Task 2: Acting as Another User Task 3: Task 4: Task 5: Task 6: Task 7: Task 8: Task 9: Task 10: Task 11: Task 12: Shutting Down, Restarting, and Putting the Computer to Sleep Setting the Clock and Date Setting the Volume Viewing a Contextual Menu Browsing the System Closing, Hiding, and Exposing Windows Creating Aliases and Utilizing the Sidebar Ejecting a Removable Disc Taking and Printing Screen Shots Installing New Software COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL

2 Task 1 notes Only an administrator can delete other accounts. No one can delete the user account that is currently logged in. You can edit or delete accounts if you have administrator-level access. Only the administrator can delete an account, and no one can delete the user account that is currently logged in (you can t delete yourself without logging out and logging back in as someone else). 2 Part 1 Logging In, Setting Automatic Login, and Logging Off OS X allows multiple users to use the same OS X system, with each user having different desktop settings, access to certain programs and files, and other features. This task explains how to log into and out of an OS X system, and how to set a specific user (such as yourself) to automatically log in. Since you ll almost certainly start logged into a system, you ll begin by logging off. 1. Choose Apple Log Out. The dialog shown in Figure 1-1 asks if you are sure you want to log out. Figure 1-1: The Log Out dialog. 2. Click the Log Out button in the dialog shown in Figure 1-1 to log out. (The system automatically logs you out after two minutes if you do nothing.) A dialog appears, showing the names of the user accounts on the system. 3. Click your user name. The dialog changes to show only your user name and a field for a password. 4. Type your password in the field and press Return, or click the Log In button. If you accidentally clicked someone else s user name, click the Go Back button to return to the display of the list of users. 5. Click the System Preferences icon in the Dock, or choose Apple System Preferences. The System Preferences window appears, as shown in Figure 1-2. Figure 1-2: The System Preferences window.

3 Mac OS X Basics 3 6. Click the Accounts icon in the System row to show the Accounts pane in the System Preferences window, as shown in Figure 1-3. Click the Login Options below the list of user names. Task 1 Figure 1-3: The Accounts pane of the System Preferences window. 7. Click the box next to Automatically log in as. 8. Click the drop-down box next to Automatically log in as and select your user name. 9. A drop-down sheet displays the user s name and an empty password field, as shown in Figure 1-4. tips If you are the only user of this OS X system, set yourself up to automatically log in to save time. You may not want to set up automatic login if the OS X system is in a place where others can use it without you being around (such as an office). You can also log out with the key combination Ô-Shift-Q. If you are the only user of the OS X system, set up automatic login to skip the login process. You can set applications to start automatically when you log in, and also to have them hide automatically after they start up. Figure 1-4: The user s password must be entered in the drop-down sheet to allow the user to be logged in automatically. 10. Enter the user s password. Click the OK button. cross-references Changing your password in the My Account pane of System Preferences is discussed in Task 13, Changing Your Password and Icon. Part 2, Setting Up Your Desktop and Your Account, discusses other ways to modify your OS X system. Part 5, Managing Users, shows you how to modify user accounts and preferences.

4 Task 2 notes In Figure 2-3, the prompt shows that you are now acting as the James Mason account only in the Terminal application. If you click the desktop, the OS X system still has you logged in as the first user account. A recently created user account has the default settings, and does not inherit any custom system settings you ve made to your account. Also, the new user will have the default setting for any applications, whether or not you or another user has customized those applications. 4 Part 1 Acting as Another User In some cases, you will have other user accounts on the system. There may be times when you will want to be that user. You can have multiple user accounts for yourself created with different access to programs and files, or with different settings for the screen and Dock, depending on how you want to use the computer. This task shows you how to access the system as another user. 1. Choose Apple Log Out. A dialog shown in Figure 2-1 asks if you are sure you want to log out. Figure 2-1: The Log Out dialog. 2. Click the Log Out button to log out. (The system automatically logs you out after two minutes if you do nothing.) A dialog appears, showing the names of the user accounts on the system. 3. Click the name of the user account under which you wish to log in. The dialog changes to show only the chosen user name and a field for a password. 4. Type the user account s password in the field and press Return, or click the Log In button. If you accidentally clicked a user name other than the one you wish to log in as, click the Go Back button to return to the list of users. 5. You can also act as another user on the command line, with the Unix command su. To use the command line to act as another user, doubleclick the hard disk icon on the OS X desktop to open it. 6. Double-click the Applications folder to open it. 7. Double-click the Utilities folder to open it. 8. Double-click on the Terminal application icon to start it. Figure 2-2 shows the open Utilities folder with the Terminal icon in the background and a Terminal window open in the foreground. Looking at the prompt, you can see the following, which shows that you are logged in to the Rosanne-Groves-Computer system with the mikejones account. Rosanne-Groves-Computer:~ mikejones$

5 Mac OS X Basics 5 Task 2 Figure 2-2: The Terminal window and the Applications/Utilities folder. 9. Enter the following and press Return: su jmason 10. When the Password prompt appears, type the password for the user account you are switching to (in this case, mason s password). Figure 2-3 shows the new prompt in the terminal window. tips Preferences for applications are separate for each user. For example, if you use itunes and then log in as a new user, you ll need to go through the setup for itunes for the new user account. To see what account you re currently logged in as, open the Accounts pane in System Preferences. The current account is in the left column under the heading My Account. Shutting down the system automatically logs you and everyone else out. You can also log out with the key combination Ô-Shift-Q. Figure 2-3: Switching users in the Terminal does not affect the OS X system desktop. cross-references Shutting down without logging out automatically logs out the current account. When the system restarts, the user defined as automatic login (if there is one) will be logged in. To set a user to automatically log in, see Task 1, Logging In, Setting Automatic Login, and Logging Off. To see who you are, open the Accounts pane of System Preferences, as presented in Task 13, Changing Your Password and Icon. Part 2, Setting Up Your Desktop and Your Account, discusses ways to modify your OS X system.

6 Task 3 notes A sleeping system uses less energy than an actively running one. If your system has a wireless (Airport) card in it, you can also turn Airport off if you re out of range of a wireless network (to conserve more energy). To restart your system in Classic mode (Mac OS 9), use the Startup Disk pane of the System Preferences window. 6 Part 1 Shutting Down, Restarting, and Putting the Computer to Sleep When not in active use, the computer system can be put to sleep to conserve power (especially important for extending battery life if the system is a notebook computer) or can be shut down. Sleep is a pausing of the system from which it can wake up more quickly than it can restart or shut down and restart. This task takes you through several ways to shut down and restart a system, and also shows you how to put a system to sleep and wake it up. 1. To put a system to sleep, choose Apple Sleep, as shown in Figure 3-1. The screen shuts off, and the hard disk stops spinning. However, the system is not completely shut down, and the system will not quit any open applications. Figure 3-1: The Apple menu offers the options to Sleep, Restart, or Shut Down the system. 2. To wake up the system, press a key on the keyboard. If you have a notebook computer that is sleeping, opening the screen and tapping the spacebar wakes up the system. 3. To shut down the system, choose Apple Shut Down from the menu (refer to Figure 3-1). A dialog shown in Figure 3-2 appears, asking if you are sure. Click the Shut Down button in the dialog (or just press the Return key) and the screen shut offs. The hard disk stops spinning, and the system shuts down completely. If the system is a desktop or tower system, you can unplug the power cord and move the machine at this point.

7 Mac OS X Basics 7 Task 3 Figure 3-2: A dialog makes sure you don t accidentally shut down the OS X system. 4. Another way to shut down an OS X system is to press the Power key on the keyboard if one is present. A dialog shown in Figure 3-3 offers the options to Restart, Sleep, Cancel, or Shut Down. To shut down the system, you can either use the mouse or trackpad to click the Shut Down button, or press the Return key on the keyboard to choose the highlighted button. Figure 3-3: The dialog displayed when the Power key is pressed offers the options to Restart, Sleep, Cancel, or Shut Down the system. 5. To restart the system, choose Apple Restart from the menu (refer to Figure 3-1). The OS X system shuts down all applications and restarts itself. tips If the OS X system is a notebook computer, you can put it to sleep simply by closing the notebook. If you use another way to put a notebook to sleep, you can close the screen without waking up the system. Since a sleeping system uses much less power than an awake system, you can improve battery life on a notebook computer by putting the system to sleep when you aren t using it. Restart a crashed system by powering the system off and on. OS X does diagnostic checks after a power cycle, so startup may take slightly longer. cross-references For information on adjusting energy use of OS X systems, see Task 27, Adjusting Sleep and Energy Saving Settings. To restart the system with OS 9 (Classic mode), see Task 22, Setting the Startup Disk. For information on troubleshooting hung or crashed systems, see Part 19, Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Getting Help.

8 Task 4 notes Only an administrator can set the system date and time. If you can t change the date and time, you don t have administrative rights on this OS X system. Log out and log back in as an administrator, or ask someone who has administrator rights on the system to help you. An application called Clock is included with OS X in the Applications folder. You can set it to display as a digital or analog (with hands) clock in the Dock or in a floating window. When a file is created or edited, it uses the system date and time to timestamp the creation or editing time. 8 Part 1 Setting the Clock and Date When OS X is installed on a system, the OS X Installer prompts you to set a date and time. The date and time is used by the system to track when it does certain things (for example, the Software Update system application can be set to automatically check for new software every Sunday night). This task shows you where and how to set the date and time, where to change the format of the date and time, and how to set the system to use a network time server. 1. Choose Apple System Preferences to show the System Preferences window. 2. Click the Date & Time icon in the System row to show the Date & Time pane of System Preferences, as shown in Figure 4-1. Figure 4-1: The Network Time is set on the Date & Time tab of the Date & Time pane with the checking of a box. 3. To change the date, click the portion of the date you would like to adjust (month, day, or year). You may also use the calendar below the date to select the day. 4. To start using a network time server, click the checkbox next to Set Date & Time automatically. Choose a server from the drop-down box, as shown in Figure 4-1. The time will be set automatically whenever the system is restarted or awakened and connected to the Internet. 5. Click the Time Zone tab in the Date & Time pane. The correct time zone must be indicated so that the correct network time is set. 6. Click on the area closest to where you are on the map to set the correct time zone, as shown in Figure 4-2.

9 Mac OS X Basics 9 Task 4 Figure 4-2: The Time Zone is set using the map or the drop-down list. 7. The formats for display of the date and time are not set in the Date & Time pane of System Preferences, but in the International pane. To switch to the International pane, choose View International. 8. Click the Formats tab to change the date format, as shown in Figure 4-3. Figure 4-3: The Formats tab of the International pane of System Preferences sets the format to use to display dates, times, and numbers. 9. Choose the format you want the system to use to display the date, time, and numbers by choosing the region in the Region drop-down list at the top of the Formats tab. You may customize the default settings for the chosen region by clicking on the Customize button for the date, time, or numbers. cross-references The OS X Software Update system application is presented in Task 240, Running Software Update. Adding an application to the Dock is presented in Task 18, Setting the Dock Preferences. For more information about setting up the System Administrator account, see Task 54, Enabling the System Administrator Account.

10 Task 5 notes The Output volume bar is visible no matter which of the three tabs of the Sound pane you select. Applications have their own volume controls, but the maximum application volume is limited to the maximum system volume. 10 Part 1 Setting the Volume OS X provides several ways to control audio volume. If the volume is set too high, a system beep for a common action such as receiving may startle you. Also, having the system volume too loud may distract others who might be around in a home or work environment. This task explains how to set the volume to your preferred level. 1. Choose Apple System Preferences, as shown in Figure 5-1. Figure 5-1: Open System Preferences from the Apple menu. 2. Click the Sound icon in the Hardware row to open the Sound pane, as shown in Figure 5-2. Figure 5-2: The Sound pane of the System Preferences window.

11 Mac OS X Basics Adjust the sound volume by moving the slider in the Output volume bar at the bottom of the Sound pane. 4. Click the Mute checkbox to mute the output volume completely. Uncheck the Mute checkbox to use the setting of the Output volume bar. 5. You can also mute the output volume by dragging the slider in the Output volume bar to the far left. 6. Click the Output tab. Check the checkbox to the left of Show volume in menu bar to show a small volume icon in the menu bar of the screen. Clicking the volume icon displays an icon, as shown in Figure 5-3. Figure 5-3: The volume icon in the menu bar allows volume adjustment without having to open System Preferences. 7. Adjust the volume by clicking the volume icon in the menu bar and adjusting the slider. The number of curved bars to the right of the volume icon changes to represent the level of sound output you ve chosen, from three bars at near full volume up to no bars at low-tomuted volume. Look at the volume icons in Figure 5-3 and Figure 5-4: The volume icon in Figure 5-3 is at medium volume as shown by two bars, and the volume icon with no bars in Figure 5-4 shows that the volume is muted. Figure 5-4: The menu bar volume icon adjusts to show the output volume. Task 5 tips You can mute certain applications with their volume control and still have the system volume be audible for other applications. For extra volume (for example, to make playing games more interesting), external speakers can help a great deal. Again, you might consider what effect the louder volume might have on others in the area. Most Macintosh keyboards will have keys for muting (silencing), decreasing, and increasing the system volume. If these keys are present on your keyboard, they will most often be located along the top edge of the keyboard and marked with a speaker icon. If the system volume is muted, then no sound comes out of the speaker. If you have the volume icon visible in the menu bar, you can Ô-click the icon and drag it to rearrange its position in the menu bar. cross-reference For more advice on audio usage, see Part 14, Audio with itunes.

12 Task 6 12 Part 1 Viewing a Contextual Menu OS X provides many useful shortcut actions by way of a contextual menu. A contextual menu is a set of commands for a given item or situation, and contains only selected commands. This task shows you how to use a contextual menu. notes Contextual menus are also present in almost all thirdparty applications, not just within OS X itself. Menus are translucent in OS X so you can see through them to the desktop, windows, and icons underneath. Preferences for applications are separate for each user. 1. To view a contextual menu, you can start on the desktop. Move the cursor to a blank area of the desktop on your OS X screen. 2. Press and hold the Control (Ctrl) key while moving the cursor. The cursor changes to include a small rectangle to the lower right of the cursor. Click the cursor to show the contextual menu for the desktop, as shown in Figure 6-1. (This action will be referred to throughout this book as a Ctrl-click or Ctrl-clicking. ) Figure 6-1: Contextual menus are available for almost every object on the OS X desktop. 3. Ctrl-click the icon of your OS X system s hard disk. A different contextual menu appears, as shown in Figure 6-2. Figure 6-2: Contextual menus change to show only appropriate actions for objects. 4. Ctrl-clicking a file (such as a text document or a graphic) brings up a different contextual menu. Figure 6-3 shows the contextual menu displayed when you Ctrl-click a PDF file created and then saved in Adobe Acrobat file format. As you can see, the contextual menu for the file gives you the option of opening the file either with Preview, Adobe Reader 6.0, Adobe Photoshop 7.0, ColorSync Utility, or Freehand 10. These are the applications on this OS X system that are identified as being able to open files in the Adobe Acrobat format.

13 Mac OS X Basics 13 Task 6 Figure 6-3: Contextual menus for files can provide alternate applications to work with the chosen file. 5. Ctrl-clicking the Finder icon in the Dock provides a quick way to choose between multiple windows on the desktop. As shown in Figure 6-4, the Applications window is checked in the Finder s contextual menu because it is in the foreground. To move one of the other windows to the front, choose it from the list in the Finder s contextual menu. tip If you are using a multibutton mouse, trackball, or other input device, you may be able to program it to send a Ctrl-click pair when you use a specific mouse or trackpad button. Figure 6-4: The contextual menu for the Finder provides a fast way to choose one open window among many and move it to the front. cross-references Browsing the contents of the hard disk on your OS X system is presented in Task 7, Browsing the System. More help with files is presented in Part 4, Finding and Working with Files. Customizing the Finder is discussed in Task 21, Setting Finder Preferences.

14 Task 7 notes A view stays the same for a given folder. If you set the Application folder to List View, that folder will be displayed in List View the next time you open it. Starting from the left end, the title bar of a window has a close button, a minimize button, a resize button, the title of the folder and the small icon as used in List View, and the lozenge button used to show and hide the toolbar. 14 Part 1 Browsing the System OS X introduced several important changes from OS 9, from the Unix-based foundation of the operating system to the new look of the desktop. This task helps you use some of the new desktop features to navigate through multiple windows on the OS X desktop, as well as customize how you view the contents of the windows. 1. Close all windows. Press Ô-N to create a new window. 2. Click the hard disk icon in the sidebar to show the window in Figure 7-1. This is the top level of your OS X hard disk. Notice the Back arrow in the upper left is now usable. You ve gone from the first view of the window to a different view, so now you have somewhere to go back to. The Forward arrow is grayed out and unusable because you haven t gone back yet, so there s no forward path yet for the window to remember. Figure 7-1: A new window, using the Icon View setting. 3. Click the Back button, and you ll see the same image, except that now the Forward button is usable. The Back button is now grayed out again, because you re back to where you began and there s nowhere further back for you to go. 4. Click the Forward button to return to the view shown in Figure As you can see, the icons are scattered about in the window. Sometimes it s easier to find an item you re looking for if you don t have the icons. Find the three view buttons next to the Back and Forward arrows in the toolbar of the window. Click the middle button (the button with four horizontal straight lines on it). The window changes to the List View mode shown in Figure 7-2.

15 Mac OS X Basics 15 Task 7 Figure 7-2: In List View, folders and items can be easier to find. 6. In List View mode, you can sort the items in the window in several different ways. In Figure 7-2, the items are sorted by name in ascending order. This is shown by the Name column header being highlighted, and the upward-pointing arrow at the end of the column header. Click the Name column header to reverse the arrow pointer. The sort order is now descending (Z.. A). 7. Click the Name header a second time to restore the order, as shown in Figure Click the Date Modified header to switch the sorting of the items in the window from alphabetical by name to most recently modified. Click the Name header again to restore the view to the one shown in Figure Click the right button of the view choices in the window toolbar to show the Column View, as shown in Figure 7-3. tips In the List View, click a file and use the up and down arrows on your keyboard to scroll up and down through the list of files. In Column View, use the up and down arrows to scroll through files and folders in the current folder column, and use the left and right arrows to scroll through the directory structure. cross-reference More help with files is presented in Part 4, Finding and Working with Files. Figure 7-3: Column View shows you the folders and files in a kind of file browser view.

16 Task 8 16 Part 1 Closing, Hiding, and Exposing Windows As with a physical desktop, you can have so many windows, files, and icons on your OS X desktop that you have trouble finding what you want to work with at any given time. OS X has several ways to unclutter a desktop with multiple windows. This task discusses how to simplify your view of the OS X desktop. notes When the window is minimized it is just an incredibly small representation of the exact same window. When you open a new Finder window by using Ô-n, the window opens to show your home directory. Starting from the left end, the title bar of a window has a Close button, a Minimize button, a Zoom button, the title of the folder, the small icon used in List View, and the oval button used to show and hide the toolbar. 1. You ll need some objects to work with. Double-click the hard disk icon on the desktop to create a single Finder window. Press Ô-n to create a second window. 2. Click the Safari icon in the Dock to open a third window, as shown in Figure 8-1. Safari is Apple s Web browser. Figure 8-1: It can get messy when there are three or more windows on the desktop. caution The Finder opens a window to the last place it was before it was minimized to the Dock. 3. Now the desktop is cluttered with three windows. Press the F11 key to expose your desktop. 4. Press F11 again to return your desktop to the way it was. 5. Click the yellow window button in the upper-left corner of the Safari window, as shown in Figure 8-2. The window is minimized on the right side of the Dock. Click the button in the Dock representing the window to restore it. Figure 8-2: These three buttons are the window controls.

17 Mac OS X Basics Press the F9 key. Now you can see all the windows that you have open on the desktop, as shown in Figure 8-3. Click the Finder window for your hard disk to make it your active window. Task 8 Figure 8-3: All of the windows appear as if by magic thanks to Exposé. 7. Press the F10 key. You can see all the Finder windows you have open on the desktop. Notice that the Safari window looks grayed out in the background. Press the F10 key again to return the hard disk Finder window to the foreground. 8. Click the Red button in the upper-left corner of the window to close the hard disk Finder window. 9. Click the Safari icon in the Dock to bring the Safari window to the foreground. Click Safari Hide Safari in the menu. Safari completely disappears. It s not minimized, but there is still an arrow under the icon in the Dock, as shown in Figure 8-4. Figure 8-4: The Dock shows what programs are running even if the windows are hidden. tips Look at the Dock and you ll see some of the icons in the Dock have small triangles underneath them, pointing upward. These arrows show which applications in the Dock are currently running and have open windows. The Finder icon is always the icon on the far-left end of the Dock. Exposé is a new feature in OS X that allows you to easily see all the windows you have open, choose one, or move them all out of the way. In the List View, click a file and use the up and down arrows on your keyboard to scroll up and down through the list of files. cross-reference Taking a snapshot of your desktop is explained in Task 11, Taking and Printing Screen Shots. 10. Click the Safari icon with the arrow beneath it. Now, click the green button in the upper-left corner of the window. This Zoom button toggles between the standard window size and the last size you manually set for the window.

18 Task 9 notes An alias icon always displays the small arrow in the lower-left corner of the icon. However, you can edit the name and remove alias from the name. You can also Ctrl-click an icon and choose the Make Alias command from the contextual menu to make an alias. When an alias is created, its name is automatically selected. Type a name to replace the selected text with your preferred name for the alias, or click the desktop to accept the default name. The arrow on the alias icon is required, but you can change the name of the alias icon. 18 Part 1 Creating Aliases and Utilizing the Sidebar One of the goals of OS X is to help you save time by simplifying the task of getting to the things you access the most. The sidebar in the Finder windows enables you to list your most commonly accessed files, folders, programs, and disks for quicker access. The sidebar list contains aliases, which are shortcuts that tell the system to go to another location to access the source of the alias. This task shows you how to make aliases, and place them in the sidebar. 1. Start with an empty desktop. Double-click the hard disk icon to open a new Finder window. 2. Click the Applications icon in the sidebar to display the Applications window. 3. Click the Utilities folder within the first Applications folder. 4. Click File Make Alias in the menu bar. Another Utilities folder now points to the original, as shown in Figure 9-1. Figure 9-1: One way to create an alias is by using the menu. 5. Drag the Utilities alias to the sidebar under Pictures, and drop it. Now close all of the windows you have open by pressing Ô-Q on your keyboard. 6. Click the Finder icon in the Dock. A Finder window opens and displays your Home folder. Notice the Utilities icon in the sidebar, as shown in Figure 9-2.

19 Mac OS X Basics 19 Task 9 Figure 9-2: The Utilities alias will appear in every Finder window now that it has been added to the sidebar. 7. Click the Applications icon in the sidebar. Point to the Calculator application. Press and hold the Option and Command keys and drag the Calculator Icon onto the desktop. An alias for the Calculator now appears on the desktop, as shown in Figure 9-3 tips The Dock can be a good place to store aliases, but be careful that the Dock doesn t get too crowded. A Dock alias is different from a normal alias. To add an alias to the Dock, just drag the icon from the desktop to the Dock and drop it. The Dock icon created in this way has no arrow. Figure 9-3: An alias has an arrow on the icon when it is created. cross-references If you have trouble seeing the Utilities folder, you may want to switch to List View and sort by name, as discussed in Task 7, Browsing the System. For more options OS X has for using the Dock, see Task 18, Setting the Dock Preferences.

20 Task Part 1 Ejecting a Removable Disc ACD-ROM is one of several kinds of volumes OS X can work with. A volume is a hard disk (or a portion of a hard disk acting as a separate disk), a CD-ROM, or an external drive connected by SCSI, USB, or FireWire. OS X has several ways to manipulate volumes. This task describes how to eject a removable disc. notes In general, a mounted disk or volume is a separate icon that appears on the OS X desktop when it is mounted. A removable disk can be ejected using the contextual menu. When you are ejecting a removable disk, a large ejection symbol appears in the middle of the screen. 1. Find a CD somewhere, such as the Mac OS X Install discs that likely came with your OS X system, or even a music CD. 2. Insert the CD into the CD drive on your OS X system. The icon for the CD should appear on the desktop. Figure 10-1 shows the Down with Love DVD/CD (digital video disc) on the desktop. If any applications start up automatically, quit them by Ctrl-clicking the application s icon (or just click the icon and hold the mouse button down until the contextual menu pops up) in the Dock, and choosing Quit from the application s contextual menu. Figure 10-1: CDs appear on the desktop. 3. Click the CD icon to select it. The disc darkens when it is selected. 4. From the menu bar, select File Eject to eject the CD, as shown in Figure caution Always eject a disc before removing it from a drive. Always eject a removable volume (such as a FireWire hard disk) before disconnecting the cable. Figure 10-2: Removable discs can be ejected using the menu bar.

21 Mac OS X Basics Reinsert the CD into the CD drive on your OS X system, and click the icon again to select it. 6. Eject the CD with the keyboard shortcut Ô-F Reinsert the CD into the CD drive on your OS X system. 8. Double-click the CD icon to open it in a Finder window. The CD is now in the sidebar with an eject icon to the right of it. Close the Finder window. 9. Click the CD icon to select it, and drag it to the Trash to eject the CD. Notice that, while you are clicking and dragging the CD, the Trash icon has changed to a triangle above a horizontal line, as shown in Figure If you have a key on your keyboard with that symbol, pressing that key should also eject the CD. Task 10 Figure 10-3: Dragging a removable disc icon to the Trash ejects the disc. cross-references The OS X system can be set to display or not display certain types of volumes, as discussed in Task 21, Setting Finder Preferences. Inserting a blank CD-ROM causes OS X to prompt you with a dialog asking what to do with it. See Task 43, Transferring Files by Physical Means, for more information. You can set an application to start automatically, as discussed in Task 20, Setting Applications to Start Automatically on Login.

22 Task Part 1 Taking and Printing Screen Shots Screen shots are snapshots of your desktop. You might take screen shots for a variety of reasons, from saving an error message in an application to saving your high score in a game. This task explains how to take screen shots, sometimes called screen captures. notes The screen capture in Step 1 captures the entire desktop. The 10-second delay can be useful to position icons and objects on the desktop, or to get a capture of an application screen while doing something else. The Selection Grab dialog in Step 10 will not be included in the selection grab. 1. Simultaneously press Ô-Shift-3 on your keyboard. A PDF file appears on your desktop named Picture Double-click the file icon to view the picture, as shown in Figure Notice the screen shot doesn t show the Picture 1 PDF file. Figure 11-1: Ô-Shift-3 saves the screen as a PDF file. 3. Close the Preview window showing the screen capture. 4. Press Ô-Shift-4. Your cursor changes to large crosshairs. This lets you choose a section of the desktop to capture. 5. Move the crosshairs to the left of and below the Picture 1 icon, and press and hold the mouse or trackpad button as you drag the crosshairs to the right and above the hard disk icon. A second PDF file named Picture 2 appears on the desktop. 6. Double-click Picture 2 to see the selection of the desktop as your second screen capture, as shown in Figure Close the Preview window showing Picture 2.

23 Mac OS X Basics 23 Figure 11-2: Ô-Shift-4 saves your chosen selection of the screen as a PDF file. Task Open the hard disk, open the Application folder, then open the Utilities folder. Double-click the Grab icon shown in Figure 11-3 to start the Grab screen capture application included with OS X. tips Ô-Shift-4 changes the cursor to crosshairs and acts as the Grab selection by default. Pressing the spacebar toggles the crosshairs to a camera icon, and allows you to take a snapshot of only the window the camera is over. You can also take screen shots from the command line. Open a Terminal window and type screencapture at the prompt to see the help information for the screencapture command. You can also use the Go Applications command in the menu bar to open the Applications folder. The screen capture keys in this task save the graphic as a PDF file. The Grab application saves files as TIFF format files. Figure 11-3: The Grab application menus offer more options for screen captures. 9. Choose Capture Timed Screen from the menu bar. A dialog shown in Figure 11-4 appears and explains you have 10 seconds after clicking the Start Timer button before the screen shot is taken. Figure 11-4: If Grab is running, Ô-Shift-Z saves the screen after a 10-second delay. cross-reference Part 15, Managing Still Pictures with iphoto discusses how to crop, edit, and modify pictures such as screen shots. 10. From the menu bar, choose Capture Selection. A dialog appears that explains you should drag a rectangle with the cursor of the area of the screen you want to capture. When you do so, only the selected area is saved as a screen capture.

24 Task 12 note Some applications will require you to quit all other active applications when installing them. Sometimes the application s installer will provide an easy way to quit all applications from within the installer, or you may have to go to the desktop and quit the other applications yourself. 24 Part 1 Installing New Software Installing new software can differ from program to program. For some programs, installation is a matter of copying the compressed file to your OS X system, double-clicking on the compressed file to uncompress it, and copying the folder or application to your hard disk (normally to the Applications folder). This task uses the Apple QuickTime application as an example to discuss the process of installing software using the Apple Installer. 1. Download the QuickTime installer from Apple Computer. Use your Web browser and go to Select the correct operating system, and click on the Download QuickTime button. The file downloads to your OS X system as a compressed disk image, with a.dmg extension. 2. The compressed image will automatically decompress. The disk image is opened and begins to install automatically. The disk image appears on the desktop as a virtual volume or disk. Close all opened windows, and cancel the installation that began. 3. Double-click the QuickTime disk image to open the volume window. You can see the package file named QuickTime.pkg, along with the icons for the compressed and uncompressed disk images in the window, as shown in Figure caution Some applications may require you to enter a serial number before use, and some applications may require a separate serial number for each individual who installs the software. Figure 12-1: Disk images appear on the desktop as mounted volumes. 4. Double-click the QuickTime.pkg icon to start the QuickTime installer. 5. Click the Continue button to display the Important Information window. You should read this over to see what the new software will do,

25 Mac OS X Basics 25 and what the system requirements for installation are. You can often save this to a separate file, or print it, for later reference. 6. When you re finished reading, click the Continue button to display the Software License Agreement. Again, you can save or print the license for later reference. 7. When you click the Continue button on the Software License Agreement window, a window prompts you to agree or disagree, as shown in Figure If you click Agree, the next screen appears. Figure 12-2: You must agree to the Software License terms before installation can proceed. 8. On the next screen, you choose a destination disk to install the software to. The Installer searches for available disks and scans them for the requirements of space and correct versions of any related software. Click a destination disk. 9. Click the Install button to install the software. You are prompted to enter your password, as shown in Figure Task 12 tips Sometimes the software Installer will prompt you to restart your OS X system after installation. You may want to keep the downloaded compressed installers available in a download folder, or perhaps copy them to a CD-ROM, in case you want them again. Some software uses its own installer, which may behave much differently than the Apple Installer does. To reserve software for your own use, install the application into your user account s Home folder. Figure 12-3: The OS X system prompts you to enter your password (or phrase) before installing. cross-references You can add applications to the Dock as shown in Task 18, Setting the Dock Preferences. You can set an application to start automatically as shown in Task 20, Setting Applications to Start Automatically on Login. 10. Enter your password. QuickTime then begins the installation. There will be a prompt to restart the computer when the installation is complete.

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