Leonardo Chiariglione Speech at WSC Academic Day, Sophia Antipolis 2013/06/14
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1 Working in standards d is like working in real life Leonardo Chiariglione Speech at WSC Academic Day, Sophia Antipolis
2 Definitions i i of standard d Webster s A conspicuous object (as a banner) formerly carried at the top of a pole and used to mark a rallying point especially in battle or to serve as an emblem Something that is established by authority, custom or general consent as a model or example to be followed Encyclopaedia Britannica (A reference that is) established to permit large production runs of component parts that are readily fitted to other parts without adjustment 2
3 My definition i i of standard d Codified agreement between parties who recognise the advantage of all doing certain things in the same way NB: The actual process (de jure or de facto) is irrelevant, provided it is Fair to all parties concerned and Carried out to match the needs of users 3
4 Why the World Needs Communication Standards Language requires an agreed correspondence between Utterances and words Witi Writing requires an agreed correspondence between Graphic signs and words Telegraphy requires an agreed correspondence between Combinations of dots/dashes and characters Television requires an agreed correspondence between Certain waveforms and visible and audible information Communication can take place only if an agreement exists about the meaning of the "symbols" used in specific communication system
5 Types of Standards d Optional: e.g. the technology used in a display Desirable: e.g. threadings in nuts and bolts Useful: e.g. a communication system assumes that there is a standard Mandatory (by law): e.g. safety and some forms of communication
6 Standards and interfaces System D System A System B System C X Y Z If interfaces X, Y and Z are exposed they must conform to the referenced standard d If interface Y is not exposed, it may be anything
7 International standardisation di i 3 major bodies deal with standards at the international level International Telecommunication Union (ITU), dealing with telecommunication standards International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), dealing with electrical standards International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), dealing with standards on everything else Status ITU is a Treaty Organisation and a UN agency ISO and IEC are not-for-profit organisations 7
8 International Standards Making Structure A number of committees organized in a 3-layer structure within ISO and IEC Technical Committees (TC) Subcommittee (SC) Working Groups (WG) At TC and SC level decisions are taken by national votes At WG level decisions are taken by consensus of technical experts
9 Consensus according to ISO/IEC General agreement, characterised by The absence of sustained opposition to substantial issues by any important part of the concerned interests and A process that involves seeking to take into account the views of all parties concerned and to reconcile any conflicting arguments NOTE Consensus need not imply unanimity 9
10 The ISO hierarchy (simplified) IEC ISO TC xx JTC 1 TC yy SC uu SC 29 SC vv WG 1 (JPEG) WG 11 (MPEG) Technologies and standards for digital media 2012/05/31 10
11 Principles of ISO/IEC standardisation di i A standard should enable anybody to build equipment conforming to the standard, therefore it should include Normative clauses guiding g implementers Means to test an implementation for conformity In principle use of standards should be accessible by anybody Standards whose use requires IPR from a third party are acceptable if that party declares to be willing to license his IPR on fair and reasonable terms and nondiscriminatory y( (FRAND) conditions Development of standards is strictly separate from licensing terms 11
12 Phases of ISO standards development #1 Phase of work Acronym 1. New Project NP 2. Call for Proposals (MPEG specific) CfP 3. Working Draft WD 4. Committee Draft CD 5. Final Committee Draft FCD 6. Final Draft International ti Standard d FDIS 7. International Standard IS
13 The MPEG idea (end 1980 s) Different countries/industries have different agendas but Digital audio-visual compression is mature The enabling technology (can be) common A place to define digital representation of audio/video Independent d of applications i (e.g. delivery) Of global scope Where competences add and agendas neutralise Slogan A fight between technologists is less expensive than a fight between assembly lines and the result is better! 13
14 The MPEG philosophy h Develop standards for converging media Develop the required technologies using research results from multiple sources Act as a bridge between academia/research and industry Develop software implementations of the standards as a platform for peer review and optimisation Verify the performance of the standard 14
15 Behind the acronyms MPEG meets 4 times a year 104 meetings until April 2013 Attendance ~500 experts Countries actively represented ~25 Industries represented: all industries with a stake in digital it audio and video Academia, Broadcasting, Computers, Consumer Electronics, Content, Research Institutions, Services, Telecom, 15
16 The MPEG organisation i Every meeting 3 plenary sessions Mon am Wed am Fri pm During the meeting subgroups meet in parallel Requirements Systems Video JCT-VC JCT-3V Audio 3DG Communication The HoD group deals with administrative matters 16
17 MPEG operation/1 Need for a new standard Identify the need for a standard Approval of a new standard project Exploration The search for new technology Seek Industry experts Open seminars Requirements Establish the scope of work Call for Proposals s 17
18 MPEG operation/2 Competitive phase Response to CfP Initial technology selection Collaborative phase Core Experiments Working Drafts Approval CD DIS IS 18
19 Assessment Verification Tests Life cycle Corrigenda Amendments Withdrawal MPEG operation/3 19
20 Profiles and levelsl The notion of profile was developed by OSI and is defined as set of one or more base standards, and, where applicable, the identification of chosen classes, subsets, options and parameters of those base standards, necessary for accomplishing a particular function. Because e.g. picture resolution is an important cost element, each profile is usually associated with levels, a decoder of level N being able to decode bitstreams up and including that level. 20
21 The limits it of self-certification Self-certification may work well when the market has large companies, producing mass market products, non terribly sophisticated the product depends on a key technology licensed by a company the licensing i contract t is conditional on conformity of the implementation, conformity of the product is verified by the licensing company This is not the case of MPEG standards In general an MPEG patent holder does not want to be the guardian of the correct implementation of the standard 21
22 Encoder conformance An encoder conforms to an MPEG standards if it generates bitstreams conforming with the syntactic and semantic bitstream requirements specified in the standard It is not possible to test an encoder for conformity, but it is possible to test a sufficient number of bitstreams generated by that encoder for conformity to become reasonably sure of the conformance of that encoder 22
23 Conformance of bitstream t and decoderd The two issues in MPEG-1 conformance are How to test conformity of a specific bitstream How to test conformity of a specific decode. MPEG standards give Guidelines on how to construct Tests to verify bitstream and decoder conformance Bitstream t test t suites to check or verify decoder d conformance (Informative) test bitstreams implemented according to those guidelines 23
24 Patents what they are A definition (USA) of a patentable invention any new and useful process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter or improvement thereof To get a patent an inventor files an application with a Patent t Office and submits A description of the invention One or more claims delimiting the scope of the rights requested 24
25 Patents how to get one Applications are examined by Patent Office examiners If the examination confirms that the application satisfies the criteria for an invention The patent is granted The description of the invention is made public If another inventor files for the same invention after the first, the second filing is rejected 25
26 Patents and standards d ISO/IEC/ITU allow that the implementation of a standard requires the use of necessary patents The owner of the rights, however, must be willing to grant free use of the patented item or use on fair and reasonable terms and non discriminatory conditions what is fair and reasonable? Companies owning such rights must make a statement that is kept in ISO/IEC/ITU files 26
27 Patents and MPEG-2 Reportedly 650 MPEG-2 essential patents in 57 countries owned by 23 companies/organisations are needed to implement MPEG-2 Video Even if use of each patent is granted on fair and reasonable terms the terms for all patents may not be at all fair and reasonable In early 93 discussions on the occasion of MPEG meetings, made outside of the meetings, led to the establishment t of MPEG LA (Licensing i Authority, no relation with MPEG) for MPEG-2 patents 27
28 Licensing i of MPEG-2 (V&S) For encoders and decoders 2.50 $ per unit For Packaged Media 0.03 $ for the first MPEG-2 Video Event, plus 0.01 $ for each additional 30 min. recorded on the same copy For consumer products (e.g. camcorders, read/write DVD players, PC software having codec capabilities) 2.50 $ per unit 28
29 MPEG the impact MPEG standards have changed the landscape of media MPEG-1, -2, -4 used in hundreds of million Video CD players (all of MPEG-1) MP3 players (MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3) Digital TV set top boxes (MPEG-2 Video/Systems and MPEG-1 Audio Layer 2) DVD players (MPEG-2 Video/Systems) Photo cameras (MPEG-4 Visual) Mobile handsets (MPEG-4 Visual/AVC, AAC, File Format) Compressed movie players (MPEG-4 Visual + MP3) 29
30 30
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