MTAT Applied Cryptography
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1 MTAT Applied Cryptography Rakenduslik krüptograafia Прикладная криптография Juri Hudolejev University of Tartu Spring 2011
2 { Practical course theory is clear already Using existing tools, libraries and applications not reinventing the wheel Solving (almost) real-world problems
3 Course Structure 15 practicals (2 + 2 hours) weekly Fri 8:30 and Liivi Start in class and complete at home (optional) Project at the end of the course (optional) Exam Total: 6 EAP (6+ hours weekly)
4 Grading Practicals + homeworks: 80% required Project: 20% recommended Exam those who want to improve the grade Session time (June 2011) Will agree the time and form separately if needed
5 Practical Topics Introduction, big numbers, secret sharing Public-key cryptography Hashing, randomness ASN.1 (BER, DER) X.509 (CRL, OCSP) Trusted timestamping, digital signatures Smart cards, EstEID Key exchange protocols, SSL/TLS
6 Project Individual or group work, depending on task Will brainstorm and discuss topics later Possible areas: Java/EstEID, timestamps, Python/ASN.1, Feel free to propose your own topics, anytime
7 Class: Development Environment OpenSUSE 11 64bit / Sun Java 6.0 / BC 1.45 Testing: Ubuntu Maverick 32bit / OpenJDK 6.0 / BC 1.45 Other systems and languages: Installing: you are on your own Testing: make sure to agree beforehand!
8 Submitting the Homeworks Deadline: Next Friday 08:00 EET/EEST Source code only! Testing system will compile and run the code If using external libraries: Provide exact version used Make sure it is easily and publicly available Prefer F/OSS
9 Submitting the Homeworks Code have to pass all tests Tests will be made publicly available in class or some days later. Suggestion: use code repositories GitHub, BitBucket, Google Code, own hosting Deadline: Next Friday 08:00 EET/EEST
10 Juri Hudolejev whoami MSc in Computer Science Tallinn University of Technology, 2009 Infrastructure Engineer at ZeroTurnaround All feedback is welcome
11 Questions?
12 Discussion Security goals Security issues Cryptographic methods
13 Case 1 A company website is under a DDoS attack from a botnet. The company would like to keep this from happening in the future.
14 Case 2 Alice's laptop requires a password to log in. Bob keeps on guessing the password and can access the laptop. Alice would like to keep Bob from logging in under her account.
15 Case 3 Alice's laptop connects to a wireless network. Bob uses a network sniffer to read Alice's traffic, finds her Facebook password, logs in and posts defamatory messages under her name.
16 Case 4 Alice did not log out when she went to the coffee machine. Bob ran her client which had a saved password and sent an insulting to Alice's boss.
17 Case 5 Charlie is a developer of a web-based information collecting system where people can enter and track their sporting habits. He thinks that by default, every user should only see his or her data, but every user can also select other users (coaches) who can see the results and give suggestions.
18 Case 6 Charlie makes backups of his software code on an optical disk. He would like to keep others from accessing the software code in his backups.
19 Case 7 Charlie is writing an information system for the government. The government knows that the officials have to access the personal data of citizens, but they want to keep the privacy damages to a minimum.
20 Case 8 (two more to go...) Bob writes a document to confirm that he borrowed 100 EUR from Charlie and sends it to Charlie via . Charlie wants to be sure that the document came from Bob and it is enforceable.
21 Case 9 (almost done...) Charlie is developing a door keycard system based on contactless RFID cards. The customer wants to be sure, that the risk of using a stolen/missing card to access a room is lowered.
22 Case 10 (the last one!) Charlie is a developer of an online casino with a lottery game. Every day, the server generates ten numbers and users predict up to five of them. At 9 pm the server publishes the numbers it generated and the winners. Charlie would like to give the users a guarantee that the server does not cheat it does not change the numbers if it knows that someone would win.
23 Cryptographic System Computer system that involves cryptography (definition acceptable for secondary school only) Set of algorithms sufficient to perform particular encryption and decryption operations Key generation (k, k+, k-, etc.) Encryption (plaintext Decryption (ciphertext ciphertext) plaintext)
24 Keys Symmetric algorithms: bits Public key crytpography: bits Elliptic curve cryptography: >= 163 bits java.lang.integer public static final int MAX_VALUE: java.lang.long public static final long MAX_VALUE:
25 Arbitrary-Precision Arithmetic C/C++: C# long long aka quad (64 bit) extarnal libs: OpenSSL BN, GMP, Crypto++ Java System.Numerics.BigInteger java.math.biginteger, java.math.bigdecimal Python long (merged with int in Python 3)
26 Exercises Compute the square of maximum long value. Plaintext: any human-readable string you like Convert it to decimal number Generate random key of the same bit-length Compute ciphertext: plaintext XOR key Restore plaintext: ciphertext XOR key Do plaintexts match?
27 Secret Sharing Split a secret into pieces so that Individual pieces reveal no info about the secret All (or some) pieces together can be used to restore the initial secret Shamir Secret Sharing Scheme (K, N) scheme only some of the pieces are needed to reconstruct the secret
28 Shamir Secret Sharing: Example Secret: 101 K = 3 N = 4 A = 17 (random) B = 42 (random) Polynomial: 17x x p 1 = x x x x 2 4 x 4 = x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 x = x2 3 2x 8 3 p 2 = x x 1 x x 4 x 2 x 1 x 2 x 4 x 1 x 4 x2 = = x 2 p 4 = x x 1 x x 2 x 4 x 1 x 4 x 2 = x 1 x = x2 6 x Shares (x i :y i ): 1:160 2:253 3:380 4: x2 3 2x 8 x x2 320x x x 2 42x 101 x x2 6 x x x x 541 3
29 Task 1.1 (2 points) Implement trivial secret sharing scheme using XOR man Suggested method signatures: BigInteger[] share(biginteger secret, int n); BigInteger restore(biginteger[] shares); Run: java TrivialSecretSharing share <secret> <N> java TrivialSecretSharing restore <s1>.. <sn>
30 Task 1.2 (3 points) Implement Shamir's secret sharing scheme (K, N) Use ID:Value format for shares, e.g. 6: Restore command should accept exactly K shares man Run: java ShamirSecretSharing share <secret> <K> <N> java ShamirSecretSharing restore <X:sX>.. <Y:sY>
31 Questions?
32 Go Code! Deadline: Friday Feb 18 08:00 EET Submit at: Good luck!
33 Course info: } Contact: Juri Hudolejev <juri@ut.ee> Next lab session: Friday :30 Liivi 2-205
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