How to Use Your Block Cipher? Palash Sarkar
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1 How to Use Your Block Cipher? Palash Sarkar Applied Statistics Unit Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata India IACITS New Delhi, 2 nd April 2009 Palash Sarkar (ISI, Kolkata) Using a Block Cipher IACITS / 18
2 Block Cipher E : K M C key space: K = {0, 1} k. message and cipher spaces: M = {0, 1} n, C = {0, 1} n. E K (M) = E(K, M) is a permutation for every fixed K. Typical values: n, k = 128, 192, 256. Palash Sarkar (ISI, Kolkata) Using a Block Cipher IACITS / 18
3 Choose Your Block Cipher Public domain approach: AES, DES, IDEA, MARS, SERPENT, RC6,... AES: standardised by the NIST (USA) for encryption of sensitive (unclassified) information; FIPS 197, November 26, Proprietary approach: pros: benefit from security by obscurity ; cons: cannot benefit from third party cryptanalysis. Mixed approach: start from a public domain block cipher; introduce additional structure and generalize to a large family of block ciphers; pick a random block cipher from the family. Palash Sarkar (ISI, Kolkata) Using a Block Cipher IACITS / 18
4 How Secure Is Your Block Cipher? Resists known attacks. Linear and Differential Attacks. Slide, Rectangle, Impossible Differential, Boomerang and other attacks. Pseudo-random permutation (PRP): indistinguishable from a random permutation where the adversary is allowed to ask for encryptions. Strong pseudo-random permutation (SPRP): indistinguishable from a random permutation where the adversary is allowed to ask for encryptions and decryptions. Palash Sarkar (ISI, Kolkata) Using a Block Cipher IACITS / 18
5 Your Block Cipher is Secure Assumption: the block cipher is perfectly secure (whatever that may mean). Is that the end of the story? No! Palash Sarkar (ISI, Kolkata) Using a Block Cipher IACITS / 18
6 Your Block Cipher and Your Requirement Block length. The block cipher handles n-bit blocks. Typically, n = 128, 192 or 256 bits. Message Requirements. Handle long messages. Handle variable length messages. Handle fixed length messages (a disk sector). Palash Sarkar (ISI, Kolkata) Using a Block Cipher IACITS / 18
7 Your Block Cipher and Your Requirement Secure Block Cipher. The block cipher ensures strong security for n-bit blocks. Different Security Requirements. Privacy only. Authentication. Authenticated encryption. Authenticated encryption with associated data. Wide-block encryption. Disk sector encryption. Deterministic authenticated encryption (key wrap problem). On-line encryption. Other niche requirements. Palash Sarkar (ISI, Kolkata) Using a Block Cipher IACITS / 18
8 Modes of Operations Commonly known modes. Electronic codebook mode (ECB). Counter mode (Ctr). Cipher block chaining mode (CBC). Output feedback mode (OFB). Cipher feedback mode (CFB). Palash Sarkar (ISI, Kolkata) Using a Block Cipher IACITS / 18
9 Things to Note ECB does not provide privacy. Ctr provides privacy but not authentication. CBC provides authentication, but, not authenticated encryption. Authenticated encryption with associated data? Wide block encryption? Disk encryption? Other security requirements? There is no single mode which can be used for all applications. Palash Sarkar (ISI, Kolkata) Using a Block Cipher IACITS / 18
10 Insecurity of ECB Mode Source: Wikipedia Palash Sarkar (ISI, Kolkata) Using a Block Cipher IACITS / 18
11 Authentication Goal: detect tampering of the message. Solution: sender generates tags; receiver verifies them; sender and receiver share a common key. Sequential. CMAC (NIST-standard). based on CBC; design by Iwata-Kurosawa and based on earlier work by others. Parallel. PMAC: Black-Rogaway; Rogaway. Generalization of PMAC to an efficient family: Chakraborty-Sarkar. ipmac: Sarkar; more flexible and slightly faster than PMAC. Palash Sarkar (ISI, Kolkata) Using a Block Cipher IACITS / 18
12 Authenticated Encryption Goal: achieve both privacy and authentication of the message. Two-pass solutions: relatively inefficient but patent-free; GCM (Viega-McGrew) NIST standard. Single-pass solutions: IACBC, IAPM (Jutla); XCBC, XECB (Gligor-Donescu); OCB (Rogaway); Generalization of OCB to an efficient family: (Chakraborty-Sarkar); Flexibility and speed-up over OCB work under progress. Palash Sarkar (ISI, Kolkata) Using a Block Cipher IACITS / 18
13 Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data Associated data (header). Needs to be authenticated but not encrypted. Example: IP packets. Constructions. Variants of AE protocols such as OCB and its generalizations. Generic construction: combine any AE protocol and a collision-resistant hash function (Sarkar). Palash Sarkar (ISI, Kolkata) Using a Block Cipher IACITS / 18
14 Wide Block Encryption Disk Encryption Goals. Perform strong encryption; support a tweak; for disk encryption, the tweak is the sector address. Some constructions. CBC, EME (Halevi-Rogaway): 2[BC] per block; XCB (McGrew-Fluhrer): 1[BC]+2[M] per block; HCtr (Wang-Feng-Wu), HCH (Chakraborty-Sarkar): 1[BC]+2[M] per block; better key agility compared to XCB. HEH, ihch (Sarkar): 1[BC]+1[M] per block; further work under progress. Palash Sarkar (ISI, Kolkata) Using a Block Cipher IACITS / 18
15 Summary Choice of block ciphers: to be or not to be (proprietary). But choosing a block cipher is not enough. Understand the security goal. Choose the appropriate mode of operation. Implementation issues. (Not discussed.) Standards. Agencies. NIST (USA), IEEE, IETF; India? Palash Sarkar (ISI, Kolkata) Using a Block Cipher IACITS / 18
16 Moral of the Story A block cipher is like a Swiss army knife. But, you have to use it properly! Palash Sarkar (ISI, Kolkata) Using a Block Cipher IACITS / 18
17 Post-Script Exploding Common Myths. Cryptography means you have to garble up bits and bytes. Any electronics engineer can do it. Wrong! Good mathematician Good cryptologist. Wrong! Sensible Facts About Cryptology. Interdisciplinary: mathematics, computer science, engineering. Requires specialised knowledge. Serious and challenging (academic) discipline. Palash Sarkar (ISI, Kolkata) Using a Block Cipher IACITS / 18
18 Thank you for your attention! Palash Sarkar (ISI, Kolkata) Using a Block Cipher IACITS / 18
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