Sybil Attack Detection and Prevention Using AODV in VANET

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1 Sybil Attack Detection and Prevention Using in VANET Navneet 1, Rakesh Gill 2 1 M. Tech. Student, GITM, Bilaspur-Tauru Road, Gurgaon (Haryana) navneet_tehlan@yahoo.com 2 Asst. Prof., GITM, Bilaspur-Tauru Road, Gurgaon (Haryana) Abstract VANET is recognized as an important component of Intelligent Transportation Systems. To successfully deploy VANET, security is one of the major challenges that must be addressed. A very important one is to guarantee the security of vehicle-generated reports. In what regards security, selfish vehicles may attempt to clear up the way ahead or mess up the way behind with false traffic reports; criminals being chased may disseminate bogus notifications to other vehicles in order to block police cars. Such attacks may result in serious harm, even loss of lives. Another challenge is to protect the privacy of vehicles. Sybil attacks have become a serious threat as they can affect the functionality of VANETs (Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks).The Sybil attack is the case where a single faulty entity, called a malicious node, can present multiple identities known as Sybil nodes or fake nodes. This attack can affect the functionality of the network for the benefit of the attacker. Several techniques have been developed to detect misbehaving or fake nodes in VANETs. This research detects the Sybil attack a new filed is introduced in the named SCID i.e. Secondary id. It maintains a unique identity of each node. Now the packet format of consists seqno as well as secondary identity i.e. SCID. Keywords: VANET, Security, Sybil Attack,. 1. Introduction A Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) facilitates communication between vehicles and between vehicles and infrastructure. Nowadays, road traffic activities are one of the most important daily routines worldwide. Passenger and freight transport are essential for human development. Thus, new improvements on this area are achieved every day - better safety mechanisms, greener fuels, etc. Driving is one of the most incident factors of traffic safety, so there is a clear need to make it safer[1]. Apart from partially automating this task, reliable driver data provisioning is critical to achieve this goal. An accurate weather description or early warnings of upcoming dangers (e.g. bottlenecks, accidents) would be highly useful for drivers. For this purpose, a new kind of information technology called VANET (Vehicular Ad-hoc Network) is being developed. 2. Security in VANET The recent gain of interest for wireless communication in Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) implies an always increasing number of applications in this kind of network. All these applications need to exchange data with other vehicles. The communication security problem must be taken into account due to the critical goal of safety related applications such as emergency brake. Moreover, due to the limited communication range of a vehicle, the cooperation between nodes is essential. This necessity of cooperation shows the vulnerability of these networks and the need of fake nodes detection. The multiplication of fake nodes in a wireless network in order to launch different kind of attack is known as the Sybil attack[2]. 2.1 Sybil Attack in VANET The Sybil attack was first described and formalized by Douceur in [2]. It consists in sending multiple messages from one node with multiple identities. Applications of the Sybil attack to Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks have been 333

2 discussed in [3], [4] and show the importance of Sybil nodes detection in VANET. One important result shown in [2] is that without a logically centralized authority, Sybil attacks are always possible (i.e. may remain undetected) except under extreme and unrealistic assumption of resource parity and coordinationn among entities. When any node create multiple copies of itself to create confusion in the WSN network or illegally claims multiple identities or claims fake ID S and also can cause collapse in the network then that kind of situation can be referred as Sybil attack. This system can attack both internally and externally in which external attacks can be restricted by authentication but not internal attacks. As there is one to one mapping between identity and entity in WSN network, this Sybil attack violates it by creating multiple identities [5]. in indirect communication it is between the legal node and the copy of the Sybil node Stolen and Fabricated Identities: Stolen identity is that identity which the malicious node takes from the legitimate node and uses of attack. This kind of cannot be identified and find if the legitimate node is destroyed. While fabricated identities are that identities that the copy node or the malicious node takes from the legitimate node or we can say uses the exact same identity as that of the legitimate node. This is known as identity replication in which same identity is used many times in a same network Simultaneous and Non- Attack: Simultaneous In simultaneous attack, all the copy nodes or the Sybil identities participate at the same time, but since they have only one identity so this simultaneous attack is supported by the cycling of identities between all nodes. Nonwhich the attacker uses simultaneous is that in the same number of the identities equal to number of devices. Sybil Attack As it is shown in figure nodes A, B, C and D are Sybil nodes and they can communicate with any of the neighboring nodes and have multiple identities and thus confuse and collapse the network Types of Sybil Attack: There are different types of Sybil attack as mentioned below [6]: Direct and Indirect Communication: In direct communication the communication is between the legal node and the Sybil node while 2.2 Sybil Attacks on Protocols In Sybil attack, as the malicious code can generate and uses a number of identities on single device than that can create an illusion as if there are a number of legitimate nodes and thus can affect important protocols [7] Distributed Storage: As the Sybil attack creates copy of nodes, and then the replicated data can be stored in several nodes and thus affect the architecture Routing: As one node can be present in a number of routes because of having same identity to a number of malicious nodes, routing mechanism is affected. 334

3 2.2.3 Data Aggregation: As Sybil nodes contribute many times posing as a number of different users, the aggregated data changes completely, as the data is grouped completely into one node and thus false information occurs Voting: As the decisions in the WSN are mainly done by voting, so the Sybil node can vote many times from the malicious nodes and thus destroyed the process Misbehavior Detection: Detecting accuracy of the malicious node is reduced as the Sybil node uses its virtual identities to increase its credit trust vales and reputation Fair resource Allocation: Because of the multiple identities, Sybil node affects the allocation of the resource as it have virtual identities, it can obtain an unfair share of resources. 2.3 AD HOC on Demand Distance Vector Routing- Ad Hoc on Demand Distance Vector Routing () [8] is an example of pure reactive routing protocol. belongs to multihop type of reactive routing. routing protocol works purely on demand basis when it is required by network, which is fulfilled by nodes within the network. Route discovery and route maintenance is also carried out on demand basis even if only two nodes need to communicate with each other. cuts down the need of nodes in order to always remain active and to continuously update routing information at each node. In other words, maintains and discovers routes only when there is a need of communication among different nodes. 335 uses an efficient method of routing that reduces network load by broadcasting route discovery mechanism and by dynamically updating routing information at each intermediate node. Change in topology and loop free routing is maintained by using most recent routing information lying among the intermediate node by utilizing Destination Sequence Numbers of DSDV Route Discovery Route discovery is one of the most important characteristics of any protocol in wireless communication. The need for basic route discovery arises when a source node wants to communicate with any particular destination node in order to forward data packet. uses route discovery by broadcasting RREQ to all its neighboring nodes. The broadcasted RREQ contains addresses of source and destination nodes in order identify those particular nodes for which route have been demanded. RREQ also contains source and destination nodes sequence numbers to maintain recent fresh route information from source to destination and vice versa. Moreover, RREQ also contains broadcast ID and a counter [8], which counts how many times RREQ has been generated from a specific node. When a source node broadcast a RREQ to its neighbors it acquires RREP either from its neighbors or that neighbor(s) rebroadcasts RREQ to their neighbors by increment in the hop counter. If node receives multiple route requests from same broadcast ID, it drops repeated route requests to make the communication loop free. RREQ is generated from one source towards different destinations in order to reach at particular destination. If RREP is not received by the source node, it automatically setups reverse path to the source node. A reverse path is settled only when each node keeps the record of its neighbor from which it gets the RREQ. Reverse path is used to send a reply to source

4 node, if any intermediate node does not satisfies the RREQ, moreover reverse path is settled for only the limited period of time [8]. All intermediate nodes stored the particular destination sequence number information and compare it with the RREQ destination sequence number. If RREQ sequence number is greater than or equal to stored sequence number of the intermediate node. Then the RREP is generated to source node following the same route from destination node to source node. This method is also known as the forward path discovery [8]. And in this way a route is discovered for two nodes that need to communicate Route Table Management Routing table management in is needed to avoid those entries of nodes that do not exist in the route from source to destination. Managing routing table information in is handled with the destination sequence numbers. The need for routing table management is important to make communication loop free. The following are characteristics to maintain the route table for each node [8,9]: IP address of the particular destination. Total number of hops to the destination. Next hop: It contains information of those nodes that are used to forward data packets by using the current route. Destination sequence numbers. Active neighbors: Those nodes that currently using the active route. Expiration time: It contains information for the total time that route is being valid Route Maintenance When nodes in the network detects that a route is not valid anymore for communication it delete all the related entries from the routing table for those invalid routes. And sends the RREP to current active neighboring nodes that route is not 336 valid anymore for communication [9]. maintains only the loop free routes, when the source node receives the link failure notification it either start the process of rebroadcasting RREQ or the source node stop sending data through invalid route[8]. Moreover, uses the active neighbor s information to keep tracking of currently used route. 2.4 Proposed Work We propose, as an extension of the protocol. To detect the Sybil attack a new filed is introduced in the named SCID i.e. Secondary id. It maintains a unique identity of each node. Now the packet format of consists seqno as well as secondary identity i.e scid. The Sybil attack creates the copy of the nodes then the secondary identity is used to detect the Sybil attack. The malicious nodes have same seqno but different SCID. Then the select alternate path to transfer the data. It detects and recover the Sybil attack in by using. It can improve the performance of the network that can be analyzed in terms of packet delivery ratio, end 2 end delay and routing overhead. The simulation verifies that the proposed work enhance the performance. 3. Results Throughput is the number of packet that is passing through the channel in a particular a unit of time. This performance metric show the total number of packets that have been successfully delivered from source node to destination node and it can be improved with increasing node density. Figure shows the sending throughput for UDP from source node. It can be observed that the performance is better than in terms of sending throughput. is a proactive type routing protocols and advantage of these type of protocols is that there are no delay to find out the route from source to destination nodes because path is immediately available when source need to send a packet. On

5 the other side, find out the route on demand thats why it shows better performance and the performance rate sequentially increasing. : No of nodes Generated Table 1: Received Delivery Drop Avg. Endto-end delay (ms) Routing Overhead : Table 2: Performance of Proposed Figure1: Vanet Mobisim Scenario of Roads Model Generated Received Delivery Drop Routing Protocol Avg. Endto-end delay (ms) Routing Overhead Figure 2: Broadcasting in Nam file P. D. R Packet Delivery /Number of nodes Number of Nodes Figure 3: Graph of packet delivery ratio for the existing and modified 337

6 E 2 E D e l a y Figure 4: Graph of end to end delay for the existing and modified Dropped Figure5: Graph of drop ratio for the existing and modified Routing Overhead End-to-End Delay Number of nodes Dropped vs Number of Nodes 0 0 Number of nodes Routing Overhead Number of Nodes Figure 6: Graph of routing overhead for the existing and modified 4. Conclusion VANETs (Vehicular Ad hoc Networks) have the potential to not only facilitate the decision making tasks of the drivers (e.g., trip planning based on traffic congestion on the road), but also to improve highway safety (by bringing information about catastrophic events and road conditions to the driver s attention). However, researchers have pointed out that VANETs are facing a number of security threats, which might impair the efficiency of VANETs and even life safety. One of these threats is Sybil attacks, in which a malicious vehicle creates illusion of traffic congestion by claiming multiple identities. Not only does this create an illusion, it has the potential to inject false information into the networks via a number of fabricated non-existing vehicles; it can even launch further DoS attacks by impairing the normal operations of data dissemination protocols. Sybil attacks have been regarded as a serious security threat to ad hoc networks and sensor networks. They may also impair the potential applications of VANETs (Vehicular Ad hoc Networks) by creating an illusion of traffic congestion. We propose, as an extension of the protocol. To detect the Sybil attack a new filed is introduced in the named SCID i.e. Secondary id. It maintains a unique identity of each node. The simulation is performed by using the NS2. References [1] Haerri. J., Filali.F., and Bonnet. C Mobility Models for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks: A Survey and Taxonomy, InstitutEurecom, RR [2] J. Douceur. The Sybil Attack. In First International Workshop on Peer- to-peer Systems, pages , [3] J. Blum and A. Eskandarian. The Threat of Intelligent Collisions. IT Professional, 6(1):24 29, [4] M. Raya and JP. Hubaux. Securing Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks. Journal of Computer Security, Special Issue on Security of Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks, 15(1):39 68, [5] J.R. Douceur. The Sybil attack, In First International Workshop on Peer-to Peer Systems (IPTPS 02), Mar [6] J. Newsome, E. Shi, and D. Song, The Sybil Attack in Sensor Network: Analysis & Defenses, The Third Intl. Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN 04), Berkeley, California, USA: ACN Press, 2004, pp

7 [7] B. Xiao, B. Yu, and C. Gao, (2006) Detection and localization of Sybil nodes in VANETs. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Dependability Issues in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks and Sensor Networks (DIWANS 06), Los Angeles, CA, USA, pp [8] Lochert, C., A routing strategy for vehicular ad hoc networks in city environments, June [9] Seet, B.-C., A-STAR: A Mobile Ad Hoc Routing Strategy for Metropolis Vehicular Communications

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