WAVE: A Decentralized Authorization Framework with Transitive Delegation
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1 WAVE: A Decentralized Authorization Framework with Transitive Delegation Michael P Andersen, Sam Kumar, H y u n g-sin Kim, John Kolb, Kaifei C h e n, Moustafa AbdelBaky, Gabe Fierro, David E. Culler, R a l u c a Ada Popa This material is based on work supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program under Grant No. DGE Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
2 Roadmap 1. The Problem 2. WAVE s Approach 3. WAVE s Storage Layer 4. WAVE s Privacy layer 5. Implementation and Evaluation
3 Authorization for IoT Set temperature to 80 F
4 Authorization Authorization for IoT 1. How does the tenant receive permission to adjust the temperature? 2. How does the thermostat know that the request was sent by someone who has permission? Set temperature to 80 F
5 Authorization for IoT: Status Quo Shares identity, not just permission Not revocable Ad-hoc Owner Tenant Owner gives username:password to airbnb Airbnb performs action when tenant requests
6 The Problems Existing authentication systems are centralized (often monolithic) Transitive delegation is rare, leading to over-sharing Attacks on centralized systems are common, and affect all the users
7 Roadmap 1. The Problem 2. WAVE s Approach 3. WAVE s Storage Layer 4. WAVE s Privacy layer 5. Implementation and Evaluation
8 WAVE s Approach Make the flow of trust fine-grained.
9 WAVE Captures Trust Relations Owner Allows delegation of a subset of permissions Prevents needing to share identity Cryptographically enforced Tenant PROOF Attestation 2! Attestation 1! Attestation 1! Policy: Airbnb can set Owner s thermostat setpoint, and can delegate (Signed by Owner)! Attestation 2! Policy: Tenant can set Owner s thermostat setpoint, for only the duration of their stay (Signed by Airbnb)
10 Global Permissions Graph Authorization 1. How does one receive permission? 2. Entity presents a path through the graph as proof it is authorized 2. How does the device know that the request was sent by someone who has permission? 1. Entity receives permission via a chain of attestations
11 Two Technical Challenges in WAVE 1. How are attestations stored, disseminated, and discovered, without relying on a single trusted party? Storage layer 2. How to protect the privacy of attestations? Privacy layer
12 Roadmap 1. The Problem 2. WAVE s Approach 3. WAVE s Storage Layer 4. WAVE s Privacy layer 5. Implementation and Evaluation
13 Storage Layer Goals Storage provider is untrusted, so it must be verifiable that it is not: Hiding objects (such as revocation entries) Forging existence of non-existent objects Blockchain is a natural solution but unfortunately doesn t scale
14 WAVE s Storage Layer (First Try) Merkle Tree Log of operations Use log of operations backed by Merkle Tree [Certificate Transparency, Laurie et al. 2013] Contains all the authorization objects Can prove: - Append-only - Value exists in log How to make sure the server can t hide objects? Server must be able to prove that an object doesn t exist Not supported by Merkle Tree Log!
15 WAVE s Storage Layer (Second Try) Merkle Tree Log of operations Merkle Tree Map of objects Use another Merkle tree to construct map of objects [Verifiable Log-Derived Map, Eijdenberg et al. 2015] However, server could serve requests using an older version of the map How to fix this? Contains all the authorization objects Can prove: - Append-only - Value exists in log Contains objects indexed by their hash Can prove: - Value does not exist - Value exists
16 WAVE s Storage Layer (Final) Merkle Tree Log of operations Merkle Tree Map of objects Merkle Tree Log of map roots Use another log to store progression of map root hashes Auditors make sure that each request is served using the latest map version Contains all the authorization objects Can prove: - Append-only - Value exists in log Contains objects indexed by their hash Can prove: - Value does not exist - Value exists Contains all the root hashes of the map Can prove: - Append-only - Value exists in log
17 Roadmap 1. The Problem 2. WAVE s Approach 3. WAVE s Storage Layer 4. WAVE s Privacy layer 5. Implementation and Evaluation
18 Private Attestations With this storage model, global permissions graph is publicly accessible Leaks, e.g., who is renting which house on Airbnb Storage is untrusted; can t rely on it for access control Instead we rely on cryptography Attestations are encrypted They can only be decrypted by an entity who can use them in a proof
19 Encrypt Attestations Proving entity
20 Encrypt Attestations Hidden attestations Decryptable attestations Proving entity
21 Encrypt Attestations Hidden attestations Decryptable attestations Proving entity
22 Our Technique: Reverse- Discoverable Encryption (simplified) Attestations are encrypted using recipient s public key Attestations include secret key of granter Allows decryption of upstream attestations Attestation 1! Signed policy! Attestation 2! Signed policy! We actually use policy-aware encryption to restrict access further.! Tenant Owner signs statement saying Airbnb has permission to set my thermostat setpoint, and can delegate Airbnb signs statement saying Tenant has permission to adjust Owner s thermostat setpoint
23 Our Technique: Reverse- Discoverable Encryption (simplified) Each entity has a keypair for encrypting attestations Attestations are encrypted using recipient s public key Attestations include secret key of granter Allows decryption of upstream attestations Tenant We actually use policy-aware encryption to restrict access further.! Attestation 1! Policy: Airbnb can set Owner s thermostat setpoint, and can delegate (Signed by Owner)! Attestation 2! Policy: Tenant can set Owner s thermostat setpoint, during their stay (Signed by Airbnb)
24 Reverse-Discoverable Encryption Proving entity
25 Roadmap 1. The Problem 2. WAVE s Approach 3. WAVE s Storage Layer 4. WAVE s Privacy layer 5. Implementation and Evaluation
26 First Release of WAVE Version 3 Feature WAVE 2 WAVE 3 Delegation Yes Yes Decentralized Yes Yes Scalable No (blockchain) Yes Encrypted Attestations No Yes Fully General No (IoT pubsub) Yes Full Implementation Yes Yes WAVE Version 2: github.com/immesys/bw2 WAVE Version 3: github.com/immesys/wave
27 Operation Times [ms] Granting permissions Creating accounts Verifying proofs Discovering new attestations
28 Use Case Comparison (Critical Path) User:pass LDAP 6.3ms App server 1.2ms SQL DB 1. Authenticate LDAP Bind 2. Check Auth Policy SQL Lookup Total: 7.5 ms
29 Use Case Comparison (Critical Path) Proof WAVE agent App server Proof Times: Length 1: 2.8ms Length 3: 6.2ms 1. Validate proof (yields policy) Total: < 7 ms for common patterns
30 Conclusion WAVE is an authentication/verification engine that makes trust relationships fine-grained It can run at global scale without a central trusted party It is a REAL artifact we have operated for 2 years, securing over 800 IoT devices in California!
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