Lecture 1: Introduction to Security Architecture. for. Open Systems Interconnection

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1 Lecture 1: Introduction to Security Architecture for Open Systems Interconnection 1. Purpose of Document This document includes notes to guide the self-study of the students of the lectures on Network Security Engineering. Note the contents of this document should be complemented with the documents found at the References section. 2. Contents 1. Purpose of Document Contents OSI Security Services OSI Security Architecture A Definition of Security Domain Technology and Mechanisms Supporting The Security Services Further Reading References... 5

2 3. OSI Management Plane Control Plane Data Plane App TRA NWK Link Phy 4. Security Services Authentication o These services provide for the authentication of a communicating peer entity and the source of data. Access control o This service provides protection against unauthorized use of resources accessible via OSI. These may be OSI or non-osi resources accessed via OSI protocols. This protection service may be applied to various types of access to a resource (e.g., the use of a communications resource; the reading, the writing, or the deletion of an information resource; the execution of a processing resource) or to all accesses to a resource. Data confidentiality o These services provide for the protection of data from unauthorized disclosure. Data integrity o This service detects any modification, insertion, deletion or replay of any data. Non-repudiation o The recipient of data is provided with proof of the origin of data. This will protect against any attempt by the sender to falsely deny sending the data or its contents. o The sender of data is provided with proof of delivery of data. This will protect against any subsequent attempt by the recipient to falsely deny receiving the data or its contents. 5. OSI Security Architecture The former security services can be applied to protect any layer of the OSI network stack.

3 Management Plane Control Plane Data Plane App TRA NWK Link Phy For a particular layer or set of layers, the security architecture is to be constructed as follows: Data, Control or Management Services Security Management Security Services Security Management The security services depend from one another as the next figure shows: Access Control Authentication Confidentiality Integrity Students, check the set of security services applying to each particular OSI layer at [1]. They should also check the mechanisms being employed to implement these services. Finally, check the related security management services and mechanisms. 6. A Definition of Security Domain A security domain sets the scope of application of the security architecture.

4 The security domain is defined as the set of network physical (e.g. a router) and logical elements (e.g. a SW application, the NWK layer) protected by the security architecture, including the security facilities themselves. The security domain for a particular network system should be defined as a first step to design a security architecture. For instance, the security domain includes user data link layer communications and the hardware elements being employed at the link layer to transmit this data. 7. Technology and Mechanisms Supporting The Security Services The security architecture must define the security technologies and components being used for protecting the security domain. It must also specify the configuration of the parameters defining each security technology and component being used. In the following, I provide a list of most significant security technology and mechanisms being employed: Cryptographic algorithms (normally included as a basic component of a security suite) o Symmetric key: AES, DES, 3DES IDEA, RC4 Usage: data confidentiality and integrity o Public key: RSA, ECC Usage: entity authentication and symmetric key establishment o Digital signature: RSA, ECC, DSS Usage: non-repudiation, user or entity authentication o MAC: HMAC, CMAC Usage: data integrity and authentication Key Management o Symmetric Key: Kerberos, RADIUS Usage: entity authentication and authorization, symmetric key establishment, and RADIUS also Accounting (who uses what, how, how much An Internet service provider (ISP) might use RADIUS access control and accounting software to meet special security and billing needs.) o Public Key: PKI, PGP entity authentication and authorization, symmetric key establishment Security Suites and Standards o Link layer: IEEE 802.1x authentication and access control o Network layer: IPSec Students search for related security services o Transport layer: SSL/TLS Idem Application security o S/MIME, PGP o HTTP: HTTPS Virtual private networks (VPN) o Leverages IPSec, SSL and/or other technologies to enable a secure virtual private corporate network Identification o OSI PHY and MAC layers: medium access control address o NWK layer: IP address o TRA: Port o o Human: name and surname, address, role Human identification and authentication technologies o SW: password o HW: tokens (smart card)

5 Access control o Logical access control systems: DAC, RBAC o Physical access control o Firewalls (isolates a network perimeter) 8. Further Reading The students should read the relevant chapters of references [3]-[7] to consolidate their background on cryptography, network security and related technologies. 9. References [1] ITU-T. Recomendación X.800. Security Architecture for Open Systems Interconnection for CCITT Applications. [2] NIST Special publications SP Underlying Technical Models for Information Technology Security [3] Merike Kaeo. Designing network security. Recurso electrónico a través del portal de la biblioteca de la UPF. [4] Simson Garfinkel. Web Security, Privacy & Commerce. Recurso electrónico a través del portal de la biblioteca de la UPF. [5] An Introduction to Computer Security: The NIST Handbook. NIST SP [6] William Stallings. Cryptography and Network Security: Principles and Network Security (Chapters 1 to 13, and 16). Prentice Hall. [7] C. Kaufman, R. Perlman and M. Speciner. Network Security: Private Communications in a Public World. Prentice may.

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