Auditing IT General Controls

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1 Auditing IT General Controls Amanthi Pendegraft and Nadine Yassine September 27, 2017

2 Agenda Introduction and Objectives IT Audit Fundamentals IT General Controls Overview Access to Programs and Data Program Changes Program Development Computer Operations Service Organization Control Reports (SOC) Hot Topics Closing Remarks and Wrap-up 2

3 IT Audit Fundamentals

4 Understanding IT In order to understand the IT risks and controls at an entity, we must first understand the operations of the entity, including the entity s IT environments that are relevant to the audit. This understanding begins with an understanding of the flow of information through the financial and operational process and related IT systems and environment. Relates IT to these relevant financial and operational processes. Identifies the relevant technical components of IT. Documentation may take the form of narratives and/or IT system diagrams and process flow charts. 4

5 Understanding IT (Continued) Understanding of the entity's IT environment may include: An understanding of the overall IT environment Key technology components relevant to financial reporting (e.g. application - including report writers, database - including data warehouses, operating system, network, location) Nature of transactions processed by IT including types of information (e.g. operational, financial, both, etc.) General description of the IT organization, including key functions that may be outsourced (e.g. service organizations) Key members of IT Physical location(s) of IT (e.g. main office and outsourced) The entity's reliance on IT controls for key processes (e.g. key reports, calculations access, etc.) Existence and formality of policies and procedures that are in place to determine that IT controls are implemented in a consistent manner IT strategy / steering committee IT risk management process Internal monitoring of IT (e.g. internal audit function) 5

6 Security Model Overview Application controls achieve process level audit objectives General controls allow for reliance upon application security controls Technology Examples by Layer Application & Manual Controls IT General Controls Processes Applications Data/DBMS Platforms Networks Physical Investments in Real Estate, Revenue, Procure to Pay SAP, Oracle, Hyperion SQL Windows, Unix and other operating systems Local Area Networks (LAN), Wide Area Network (WAN) Server room, Data Center 6

7 Overview of Controls What is a control? Activity that is performed to prevent or detect an error or exception from entering or continuing on in a process. Control identification Identify the risk(s) that threaten process objectives, then identify controls that mitigate risk. Don t mistake process steps for controls. Evaluate whether the control is appropriate in proportion to the risk. 7

8 Types of Controls Performed within significant application(s) to help ensure that transactions are processed appropriately. Application controls could include: Application o o o o System configuration/account mapping Exception/Edit reports, including review of these reports Interface controls, and System access, including enforcing segregation of duties ITGC IT General Controls (ITGC) support the effective functioning of application controls by helping to ensure the continued proper operation of information systems. ITGC s typically apply to applications, operating systems, databases and infrastructure End User Computing (EUC) Relate to spreadsheets and databases used within the financial reporting process and relevant operational processes 8

9 Types of Controls (continued) Preventive Designed to prevent errors or exceptions from being introduced or errors from occurring. Detective Designed to detect errors or exceptions. A detective control is not complete unless it includes corrective action. Corrective Designed to correct errors or exceptions Manual Performed by one or more personnel Automated Performed by an application or computer Combined Performed by personnel in combination with an application or computer system 9

10 IT General Controls Overview

11 Types of ITGCs A general IT control environment is a particular "processing environment" that shares a common set of general IT policies or procedures. General IT control environments may be physically in the same location or in different locations. Access to programs and data Prevent individuals from perpetrating and concealing an error or irregularity. Examples: Access administration; Physical access; Segregation of duties; Privileged user access Program development Program changes Modifications to existing systems/it applications: authorized, tested, approved, properly implemented and documented. Examples: Approval prior to change; Configuration changes Computer operations New systems/it applications which were developed or acquired are authorized, tested (including C&A), approved, properly implemented and documented. Examples: Formal testing and sign-off prior to implementation; Data migration System/IT application processing is appropriately authorized and scheduled and that deviations from scheduled processing are identified and resolved. Examples: Job monitoring (including C&A); Incident and problem management procedures 11

12 Dependency and Linkage Among Processes and Controls Financial Statements Purchasing A/P Operating Expenses Master File Applications Databases Operating Systems 12

13 Linking Determine if test work over ITGCs is appropriate: Do we understand the linkage between the automated controls and the ITGCs we plan to test? We first link specific ITGCs to the relevant application controls that support the ongoing effectiveness of the application control. ITGCs to be considered for testing are those that support the effective operation of application controls of interest. Use walkthrough to help with the linking. Identify ITGCs that cover all layers of the application control (network, OS, database, application), and support the actual operation of the app control. 13

14 IT General Controls General IT Controls Access to Programs and Data Program Changes Program Development Computer Operations 14

15 Access to Program and Data Overview Risk: Unauthorized access to data may result in destruction of data or improper changes to data, including the recording of unauthorized or nonexistent transactions or inaccurate recording of transactions. Objective: Adequate controls for access to programs and data have been established to restrict access to properly authorized individuals. 15

16 Access to Program and Data Overview (continued) We consider the following access to programs and data components: Policies and procedures User access add/move/termination requests Password requirements Privileged users Physical access Periodic access reviews Appropriateness of access/segregation of duties Example Control Periodic reviews of user access are performed to help ensure the appropriateness of assigned access rights, including segregation of duties. Who is responsible for performing the reviews and how often are reviews performed? How is the review tracked? Considerations Does the review include all of the users? (Completeness) Was the review reasonable and include potential conflicts of responsibilities? Were requested changes made? (Accuracy) Were exceptions (e.g., inappropriate access, terminated employee) resolved in a timely manner? 16

17 IT General Controls IT General Controls Access to Programs and Data Program Changes Program Development Computer Operations 17

18 Program Changes and Development Overview Risk: Unauthorized changes to systems or programs may result in incomplete or inaccurate data. Objectives: Adequate controls for program changes have been established to help ensure that changes to existing systems/applications are authorized, tested, approved, properly implemented and documented. Adequate controls for program development have been established to help ensure that new systems/applications which are developed or acquired are authorized, tested, approved, properly implemented and documented. 18

19 Program Changes and Development Overview (continued) We consider the following program change and development components: Change and new development methodology Design, authorization, development, testing, and approval Migration to the production environment (SOD) Configuration changes Emergency changes Data migration Post-installation reviews (typically a secondary control) Example Control Changes (including configuration changes and emergency changes) are authorized and approved prior to release into production How are changes initiated and at what point is approval required? Who is responsible for approving changes? Considerations How are approvals tracked? How are changes tracked? Are approvals required for configuration and emergency changes? 19 19

20 IT General Controls IT General Controls Access to Programs and Data Program Changes Program Development Computer Operations 20

21 Computer Operations Overview Risk: Systems or programs are inaccurately processing data and/or processing inaccurate data. Objective: Adequate controls for computer operations have been established to ensure that system/application processing is appropriately authorized and scheduled, and deviations from scheduled processing are identified and resolved. 21

22 Computer Operations Overview (continued) We consider the following computer operations components: Job processing and monitoring Backup and recovery procedures Incident and problem management Example Control Jobs are monitored to provide reasonable assurance around accuracy, completeness and timeliness of system and data processing. How are jobs scheduled? Considerations Who is responsible for resolving errors/abends? How are errors/abends monitored and resolved? Are errors/abends resolved in a timely manner? 22

23 Impact of ITGC deficiencies Test each relevant ITGC and conclude on its operating effectiveness If we find a deficiency in a ITGC, we obtain an understanding of the impact on relevant application controls If we identify a deficiency in an ITGC, have we evaluated the impact on each related application control? Linking provides a clear understanding of a ITGC deficiency s impact given its link back to affected application controls 23

24 Service Organization Control (SOC) Reports

25 SOC Report Types The AICPA defined three types of SOC reports (summarized below) including reporting guidelines and application of reporting. Internal control over financial reporting Operational controls SOC1* SOC2 SOC3** Summary Detailed report for users and their auditors Detailed report for users, their auditors, and specified parties Short report that can be more generally distributed, with the option of displaying a Web site seal Applicability Focused on financial reporting risks and controls, specified by the service provider Most applicable when the service provider performs financial transaction processing or supports transaction processing systems Focused on: Security Availability Confidentiality Processing Integrity Privacy Applicable to a broad variety of systems * Sometimes also referred to as an SSAE 16, AT 801 or ISAE 3402 report ** Sometimes also referred to as a SysTrust, WebTrust, or Trust Services report 25

26 SOC 1 Reports - Overview Service Organization Control (SOC) reports are internal control reports on the services provided by a service organization providing valuable information that users need to assess and address the risks associated with an outsourced service. The SOC 1 report focuses on controls that are likely relevant to a user entity s internal control over financial reporting (ICOFR). It is intended for the service organization, their customers, and their customers auditors only. These reports are also called SSAE16 reports. 26

27 How to Read a SOC Report Review opinion Review complementary user entity controls o Determine key vs. non-key o Identify existing controls for key complementary user entity controls o Document analysis Review adequacy of testing by the Service Auditor Review exceptions and determine impact 27

28 How to Read a SOC Report (continued) Taking and acting upon SSAE 16 Report information o Identify any gaps in controls related to complementary user entity controls. o Request bridge letter if end of SSAE 16 period does not correspond with the end of the fiscal year end. o Provide to auditors for their review and evaluation. o Determine whether subservice organization reports should be requested. 28

29 User Control Considerations Controls that reside at the service organization. Ultimately the service organization is responsible for this information and controls at their organization and must be mapped where applicable to confirm appropriate coverage. Example UCC 1 Mapped Control Clients should completely test new versions in their test database before requesting the application upgrade in their Production environment. Tests are documented, performed, and approved by both information systems and user personnel. Testing could include: System testing, unit testing, regression testing, and user acceptance testing. Example UCC 2 Mapped Control Clients should inform the service organization of terminated users as soon as possible. Termination of access occurs in a timely manner to reduce unauthorized access

30 Hot Topics

31 Hot Topics Scoping An important IT system was not scoped into the audit (e.g., report writers, databases, front-end systems) IT systems for component audits were improperly scoped out of the audit IT scoping decisions were not documented Impact of consideration of prior year testing results Data flow diagrams are not sufficiently documented and/or key interfaces are not sufficiently tested Reliance on system change control tools to log all system changes and user access reporting tools for listing and testing user access are not included in the scope of testing Cyber Security Evaluate Cyber Security incidents and the related impact on the audit Completeness and Accuracy Lack of completeness and accuracy testing and appropriate supporting evidence over system generated reports (e.g., population of access and change listings) Lack of completeness and accuracy testing and appropriate supporting evidence over Management Prepared Reports that support Business Processes 31

32 Hot Topics (continued) Linking Testwork to Audit Approach, Addressing Test Exceptions Inadequate documentation regarding how IT controls linked to audit approach Test exceptions were noted, however, were not assessed as control deficiencies Control deficiencies were noted, however, the impact on the audit approach was not considered Compensating controls are not sufficiently identified and documented Deficiencies are not aggregated for evaluation or the analysis of the deficiency aggregation is not adequately documented Program Development Relevant risks to the audit not well documented when significant system upgrades or new system implementation occurs at the entity. Test work may be insufficient to address business risks in the event of significant system upgrades or new system implementations. 32

33 Hot Topics (continued) Developer Access to Production: Nature of testing not sufficient where developers were known to have access to production programs. Compensating controls did not mitigate risk of developers with access to production programs and data. Management Review Controls Precision of IT management review was not documented or tested Reports used in IT management review controls were not tested for completeness and accuracy 33

34 Questions and Answers

35 Amanthi Pendegraft Director - Risk Consulting apendegraft@kpmg.com Nadine Yassine Manager Risk Consulting nyassine@kpmg.com kpmg.com/socialmedia The information contained herein is of a general nature and is not intended to address the circumstances of any particular individual or entity. Although we endeavor to provide accurate and timely information, there can be no guarantee that such information is accurate as of the date it is received or that it will continue to be accurate in the future. No one should act on such information without appropriate professional advice after a thorough examination of the particular situation KPMG LLP, a Delaware limited liability partnership and the U.S. member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative ( KPMG International ), a Swiss entity. All rights reserved. NDPPS The KPMG name and logo are registered trademarks or trademarks of KPMG International.

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