Yi Qian. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Nebraska, NE, USA. Web: cns.unl.

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Electrical and Computer Engineering University of

1 Recent Research in Smart Grid Communication Infrastructures and Cyber Security Yi Qian Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Nebraska, NE, USA Web: cns.unl.edu/yqian October 18, 2016

2 Introduction to Smart Grid RELIABILITY ENHANCED DEMAND DEVICES RESPONSE EFFICIENCY SMOOTH PEAK LOAD SMART GRID UPGADE ELECTRICITY GENERATOR RENEWABLE SOURCES EVOLUTION BIG DATA ADVANCED CLOUD COMPUTING CONTROL COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES WIRELESS TRANSMISSION SYSTEM METER SERVICE TWO-WAY INFORMATION NETWORK CONSUMER 2

Charging of Electric Vehicles Consumers to

3 Motivations & Objectives of Smart Grid Higher Penetration of Renewables Smart Charging of Electric Vehicles Consumers to Control Energy Bills Efficient Grid Operations & Reduced Losses Reduced Distribution Outages Improved System Reliability & Security Increased productivity Improved utilization Lower Greenhouse Gas Emission Facilitated renewable resource generation Enhanced customer experience Adherence to regulatory constraints 3

4 What is Smart Grid? An upgrade on upgrading generation, transmission, and distribution systems Incorporating advanced information and communications technologies (ICT) and control DoE defines Smart Grid in terms of key functions Enabling active participation by consumers to adjust consumption based on price and overall demand Better matching generation and demand Integrating renewable (e.g., solar, hydro, wind, etc.) and distributed power generation sources Providing more and better energy storage options Improving power quality, reliability, and enhancing resiliency: wide area situational awareness (WASA) Demand response 4

5 The ICT Framework in Smart Grid 5

6 Proposed ICT Framework (Big) Data Analytics Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) Two-way communications RAW DATA USEFUL INFO 6

7 Networks in the ICT Framework Private networks: deployed by utility companies Networks in the advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) Metering data gathering Demand response control message distribution Networks in the wide area monitoring systems (WAMS) Monitoring data gathering Controlling message distribution Etc. Public networks: Internet based public network service Remote monitoring and control from smart phones E.g., smart appliances that have Wi-Fi connection to the Internet Data transmission through cellular network service E.g., transactional data from EVs Applying public cloud computing service For big data analytics Etc. 7

8 Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) Backbone (Fiber optics) MDMS(Metering Data Management System) Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) enables two-way communicationbetween utilities and customers. 8

9 Source: 9

10 Smart Appliances Figure sources:

11 Security in the ICT Framework 11

12 Security Requirements Demand Response WideArea Monitoring System Cloud Computing Confidentiality Integrity Non-repudiation Pricing forecast X X Energy forecast X X X Metering data X X X Monitoring data Control message X X Pre-processed data X X X Raw energy forecast X X X External Sources Other information X X Various types of data in smart grid communications have different security requirements as well as delay requirements 12

13 Security Mechanisms Active DAP 2 Uninitialized 1 Active neighbor 2 AS 1 = request DAP 1 Active DAP 3 AS 2 = Active DAP Initial authentication process A supplicant sends request to all of its active neighboring nodes The active neighboring nodes relay the request to the AS 4 4 = = = 1,2 3 = !" 2 + Detailed process 3 = = Authentication and key management process for private networks. Illustrated with DAPs in AMI as communication nodes 13

14 Security Mechanisms (cont d) Security scheme for uplink transmission (single link). Authentication Server t Authentication Server t ( ) E* ) ( + E E* + t XOR H* * t XOR H* + * Broadcasting messages Individual messages Security scheme for downlink transmission. Security scheme for uplink transmission (multi link aggregation). Security schemes in uplink and downlink transmissions 14

15 Security Mechanisms (cont d) Security scheme based on zero-knowledge proof for the proposed distributed learning technique. 15

Security Mechanisms For internal data transmission over the Internet Utility company does not have complete control Huge amount of sensitive data goes through uncontrollable

We proposed to use identity-based security schemes to assist existing security schemes in the Internet and cloud computing servers More efficient security parameter management More

16 Security Mechanisms For internal data transmission over the Internet Utility company does not have complete control Huge amount of sensitive data goes through uncontrollable networks (by power companies) How to protect such transmission? We proposed to use identity-based security schemes to assist existing security schemes in the Internet and cloud computing servers More efficient security parameter management More control on the side of utility company Identity Expiration time Anyone in the domain can generate public keys of other parties Public keys are refreshed easily Public Key Generation Private Key Generation Private keys are generated by private key generator (PKG) Outdated private keys are easily revoked 16

17 Proposed ID-Based Signcryption Preliminaries Bilinear mapping: Bilinearity: for all and. Non-degeneracy: for any for all. Computability: there is a polynomial time algorithm for computing for all. Proposed ID-based signcryption scheme Controlled by utility companies 17

18 Analysis of the IBSC Scheme Security analysis The security of the proposed IBSC is based on the following computational problems Computational Diffie-Hellman Problem: given,,,-,. 0 1,,,-,. 3 4, there is no polynomial time algorithm to compute,- 0 1 Bilinear Diffie-Hellman Problem: given,,,-,. 0 1,,,-,. 3 4, there is no polynomial time algorithm to compute 5, : Performance analysis Modified Weil pairing is adopted to apply performance analysis Weil pairing over supersingular elliptic curve Modified Weil pairing:, where and is a primitive cube root of unity in. G 2 IJK 3 G =,L 1, for some prime G and positive integer, N is the multiplier in 0 1 A =?BC - D E =?BC - # of ;< # of mul # of # of # of = > =? Signcrypt Decrypt Sign Verify A =?BC - D E = B>? - A - D E =?BC - A - D E = B>? - Signcrypt ms ms 45.4 ms 74.7 ms Decrypt 7.44 ms 7.44 ms ms ms Sign ms ms ms ms Verify ms ms ms ms Intel Core 3.1 GHz & 8G RAM 18

19 Possible Applications of the Proposed IBSC Scheme Short message encipherment Digital signature Session key distribution Signing right delegation One to many One to one Signing right delegation When a local control center is under maintenance Not available due to cyber attack/natural disaster Etc. 19

20 Future Research Directions 20

21 Future Research Directions Optimization of renewable power source deployment and operation To better accommodate the management of fossil fuel based power sources Fast and reliable learning techniques for big data analytics Power consumption analysis Smart pricing analysis Real time anomaly detection (e.g., PMU data) Large scale graph modeling techniques To better analyze the relationship among pieces of information Parallel computing and cloud computing To speed up computation To enhance scalability 21

22 Future Research Directions (cont d) Better integration of EVs Fast vehicular network for data exchange (Near) real-time big data analytics for EVs Cyber security Fast privacy protection without traditional encryption algorithms Or fast encryption algorithms Real-time data integrity protection Real-time anomaly detection, etc. Cloud security Etc. 22

23 Conclusion 23

24 Conclusion Smart grid is a massive cyber physical system Advanced ICT are applied in smart grid communication infrastructures Smart grid generates big data Big data analytics is important to DR, monitoring system, and other applications in smart grid Many issues remain open in big data research of smart grid communications Acknowledgement This work was supported by the National Science Foundation under the grant CNS

25 References [1]. F. Ye, Y. Qian and R. Q. Hu, Identity-Based Schemes for a Secured Big Data and Cloud ICT Framework in Smart Grid, to appear Security and Communication Networks. [2]. J. Jiang and Y. Qian, Distributed Communication Architecture for Smart Grid Applications, to appear IEEE Communications. [3]. X. Long, D. Tipper, Y. Qian, A Key Management Architecture for Secure Smart Grid Communications, to appear Security and Communications Networks. [4]. S. Ma, Y. Yang, Y. Qian, Hamid Sharif, and Mahmoud Alahmad, Energy Harvesting for Wireless Sensor Networks: Applications and Challenges in Smart Grid, International Journal of Sensor Networks, Vol.21, No.4, pp , [5]. F. Ye, Y. Liang, H. Zhang, X. Zhang, and Y. Qian, Design and Analysis of a Wireless Sensor Based Monitoring Network for Transmission Lines in Smart Grid, Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, Vol.16, No.10, pp , July [6]. F. Ye, Y. Qian and R. Q. Hu, A Real-time Information Based Demand-Side Management System in Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, Vol.27, No.2, pp , February [7]. X. Zhang, F. Ye, S. Fan, J. Guo, G. Xu, and Y. Qian, An Adaptive Security Protocol for a Wireless Sensor based Monitoring Network in Smart Grid Transmission Lines, Security and Communication Networks, Vol.9, No.1, pp.60-71, January [8]. S. Xu, Y. Qian and R. Q. Hu, On Reliability of Smart Grid Neighborhood Area Networks, IEEE Access, Vol.3, pp , December [9]. F. Ye, Y. Qian, R. Q. Hu, HIBaSS: Hierarchical Identity-Based Signature Scheme for AMI Downlink Transmission, Security and Communication Networks, Vol.8, No.16, pp , November [10]. F. Ye and Y. Qian, Secure Communication Networks in the Advanced Metering Infrastructure of Smart Grid, ZTE Communications, Vol.13, No.3, pp.13-20, September

26 [11]. F. Ye, Y. Qian, R. Q. Hu, and S. K. Das, Reliable Energy-Efficient Uplink Transmission for Neighborhood Area Network in Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Vol.6, No.5, pp , September [12]. F. Ye and Y. Qian, Big Data and Cloud Computing Based Demand-Side Management for Electric Vehicles in Smart Grid, IEEE COMSOC MMTC E-Letter, Vol.10, No.3, pp.28-30, May [13]. F. Ye, Y. Qian, and R. Q. Hu, Energy Efficient Self-Sustaining Wireless Neighborhood Area Network Design for Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, No.1, pp , January [14]. H. Wang, Y. Qian, and Hamid Sharif, Multimedia Communications over Cognitive Radio Networks for Smart Grid, IEEE Wireless Communications, Vol.20, No.4, pp , August [15]. Y. Yan, R. Q. Hu, S. Das, H. Sharif and Y. Qian, An efficient security protocol for advanced metering infrastructure in smart grid, IEEE Network, Vol.27, No.4, pp.64-71, July/August [16]. J. Huang, H. Wang, Y. Qian, C. Wang, Priority-based Traffic Scheduling and Utility Optimization for Cognitive Radio Communication Infrastructure-based Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Vol.4, No.1, pp.78-86, March [17]. Y. Yan, Y. Qian, H. Sharif, and D. Tipper, A Survey on Smart Grid Communication Infrastructures: Motivations, Requirements and Challenges, IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, Vol.15, Issue 1, pp.5-20, 1st Quarter [18]. Y. Yan, Y. Qian, H. Sharif, and D. Tipper, A Survey on Cyber Security for Smart Grid Communications, IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, Vol.14, Issue 4, pp , 4th Quarter [19]. J. Zhou, R. Q. Hu and Y. Qian, Scalable Distributed Communication Architectures to Support Advanced Metering Infrastructure in Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, Vol.23, No.9, pp , September

27 [20]. S. Xu, Y. Qian and R. Q. Hu, A Secure Data Learning Scheme in Big Data Applications, Proceedings of The 25rd International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN 2016), August 1-4, 2016, Waikoloa, Hawaii, USA. [21]. F. Ye, Y. Qian, R. Q. Hu, A Big Data Driven and Cloud Computing Based ICT Framework for Smart Grid, Proceedings of ICCCRI/CloudAsia 2016, Singapore, May 4-5, (Position Paper) [22]. F. Ye, Y. Qian and R. Q. Hu, An Identity-Based Security Scheme for a Big Data Driven Cloud Computing Framework in Smart Grid, Proceedings of IEEE GLOBECOM 2015, San Diego, CA, December 6-10, [23]. S. Xu and Y. Qian, Quantitative Study of Reliable Communication Infrastructure in Smart Grid NAN, Poster Presentation, Proceedings of DRCN 2015, Kansas City, MS, March 25-27, (DRCN 2015 Best Poster Award) [24]. F. Ye, Y. Qian and R. Q. Hu, Design for Reliable and Self-Sustaining Neighborhood Area Network in Smart Grid, Proceedings of DRCN 2015, Kansas City, MS, March 25-27, [25]. F. Ye, Y. Qian, R. Q. Hu, Self-Sustaining Wireless Neighborhood Area Network Design for Smart Grid, Proceedings of IEEE Globecom 2014, Austin, Texas, December 8-12, [26]. F. Ye, Y. Qian, R. Q. Hu, A Security Protocol for Advanced Metering Infrastructure in Smart Grid, Proceedings of IEEE Globecom 2014, Austin, Texas, December 8-12, [27]. Z. Guo, F. Ye, J. Guo, Y. Liang, G. Xu, X. Zhang, and Y. Qian, A Wireless Sensor Network for Monitoring Smart Grid Transmission Lines, Proceedings of The 23rd International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN 2014), Shanghai, China, August 4-7, [28]. S. Fan, F. Ye, J. Guo, Y. Liang, G. Xu, X. Zhang, and Y. Qian, A Security Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks Designed for Monitoring Smart Grid Transmission Lines, Proceedings of The 23rd International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN 2014), Shanghai, China, August 4-7,

28 [29]. X. Long, D. Tipper, Y. Qian, An Advanced Key Management Scheme for Secure Smart Grid Communications, Proceedings of IEEE SmartGridComm 2013, Vancouver, Canada, October 21-24, [30]. S. Bu, F. R. Yu and Y. Qian, Energy-Efficient Cognitive Heterogeneous Networks Powered by the Smart Grid, Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM 2013, Turin, Italy, April 14-19, [31]. J. Zhou, R. Q. Hu and Y. Qian, Traffic Scheduling for Smart Grid in Rural Areas with Cognitive Radios, Proceedings of IEEE Globecom 2012, Anaheim, CA, USA, December 3-7, [32]. J. Huang, H. Wang, Y. Qian, Smart Grid Communications in Challenging Environments, Proceedings of IEEE SmartGridComm 2012, Tainan City, Taiwan, November 5-8, [33]. J. Zhou, R. Q. Hu, X. Zhang and Y. Qian, Price and Output Control in a Community Power Network with Renewable Generations, Proceedings of IEEE SmartGridComm2012, Tainan City, Taiwan, November 5-8, [34]. J. Kamto, L. Qian, J. Fuller, J. Attia, Y. Qian, Key Distribution and Management for Power Aggregation and Accountability in Advance Metering Infrastructure, Proceedings of IEEE SmartGridComm 2012, Tainan City, Taiwan, November 5-8, [35]. Y. Yan, Y. Qian and R. Q. Hu, A Secure and Efficient Scheme for Machine-to-Machine Communications in Smart Grid, Proceedings of IEEE ICC 2012, Ottawa, Canada, June 10-15, [36]. R. Q. Hu, Y. Qian, H.H. Chen, A. Jamalipour, Recent progress in machine-to-machine communications, IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol.49, No.4, pp.24-26, April 2011 [37]. Y. Yan, Y. Qian, and Hamid Sharif, A Secure Data Aggregation and Dispatch Scheme for Home Area Networks in Smart Grid, Proceedings of IEEE Globecom 2011, Houston, Texas, December 5-9, [38]. Y. Yan, Y. Qian, and Hamid Sharif, A Secure and Reliable In-network Collaborative Communication Scheme for Advanced Metering Infrastructure in Smart Grid, Proceedings of IEEE WCNC 2011, Cancun, Mexico, March 28-31,

ICT framework in Smart Grid Communication Infrastructures

ICT framework in Smart Grid Communication Infrastructures Prof. Yi Qian Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Nebraska, NE, USA January 30, 2017 Outline The ICT framework in smart