Cybercrime Criminal Law Definitions and Concepts
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1 Cybercrime Criminal Law Definitions and Concepts How to Criminalize Attacks on Computer Networks and Information Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section U.S. Department of Justice 1
2 Overview Introduction Substantive Offenses Computer intrusions Actions that cause damage Interception of communications Trafficking in passwords/hacking tools Mental state issues Punishment issues 2
3 Introduction What is Computer Crime? Computer as a Tool Fraud Child Pornography Extortion Computer as a Storage Device Computer as a Target 3
4 What are Computer Crimes? Network crimes implicate Attacks on: Confidentiality Integrity Availability of information or systems Theft of information or services Release of a virus 4
5 Overview Introduction Substantive Offenses Computer intrusions Actions that cause damage Interception of communications Trafficking in passwords/hacking tools Mental state issues Punishment issues 5
6 Computer Intrusions Unauthorized Access Gains Unauthorized Access Individual has no authority to access the computer An outsider or trespasser Also called hacking 6
7 Intruder scans network ports Intruder finds a vulnerabilty Intrusion The Anatomy of an Attack: The Outsider Obtains access to network as a user. Gains control of the network as a superuser 7
8 Intrusion Exceeding Authorized Access Gains Unauthorized Access Or Exceeds Authorized Access Individual has authorized access to a computer system, but exceeds that authorization An insider 8
9 Intrusion The Anatomy of an Attack: The Insider Employee normally cannot access secure files Employee circumvents security And obtains access to financial or government secrets 9
10 Intrusion Laws Prohibiting Unauthorized Access Many countries create a separate crime for unauthorized access (with nothing more) Cybercrime Convention, Title 1, Article 2 Countries must criminalize intentional access to the whole or any part of a computer system without right Some countries impose other restrictions Circumvention of security measures Applies only to network computers 10
11 Intrusion Obtaining Information Gains Unauthorized Access Or Exceeds Authorized Access + Obtains Information Individual actually obtains information Downloads a file or views information on a screen 11
12 Intrusion Obtaining information Types of information Financial E.g.: credit card numbers Medical E.g: celebrity s medical records Government/national security E.g.: espionage or terrorism Trade Secrets & Proprietary Business Information E.g.: industrial formulas 12
13 Intrusion Obtaining Information Sample laws Singapore makes it a crime to gain access without authority to any material held in any computer No damage or download required United States Prohibits intentionally accessing a computer without authorization or in excess of authorization where an intruder obtains information (obtains = merely viewing information) no damage or download required 13
14 Intrusion Obtaining Information Sample laws Netherlands statute distinguishes between: 1. Unauthorized access of a computer (six month maximum sentence) and 2. Unauthorized access of a computer where data is copied (four year maximum sentence) Canada Supreme Court has held that in order for there to be a theft the owner needs to be deprived of the object. 14
15 Intrusion Facilitating Other Crimes Gains Unauthorized Access Or Exceeds Authorized Access Obtains Information + Facilitates Another Crime Intent of hack may be to further a fraud or other crime E.g.: employee breaks into payroll computer and triggers overtime payments to herself Not necessarily any proof of damage or theft of information 15
16 Intrusion Facilitating Other Crimes Sample Laws United States Prohibits unauthorized access to a computer to further a fraud scheme (5 year maximum sentence) Australia Prohibits unauthorized use of a computer with intent to commit a serious offense (5 year maximum sentence) 16
17 Intrusion Facilitating Other Crimes Sample Laws Title 1, Article 8 Computer-related fraud Countries must criminalize acts that intentionally and without right cause a loss of property to another by: any input, alteration, deletion or suppression of computer data, any interference with the functioning of a computer system with the intent to gain an economic benefit 17
18 Overview Introduction Substantive Offenses Computer intrusions Actions that cause damage Interception of communications Trafficking in passwords/hacking tools Mental state issues Punishment issues 18
19 Causing Damage Gains Unauthorized Access Or Exceeds Authorized Access Obtains Information Facilitates Another Crime Causes Damage Business computer shut down Customer data deleted 19
20 Causing Damage Definition Damage can occur following an intrusion E.g.: disgruntled ex-employee hacks into company computers and deletes critical files But it can also occur without an unauthorized access or the exceeding of authorized access E.g.: viruses, worms, and denial of service attacks 20
21 Causing Damage Examples A virus is a self-replicating, destructive program that infects a host file A worm is a free standing program that can replicate itself and spread across networked computers A denial of service attack (or DOS) is any attack that prevents a computer from functioning properly can occur when a server receives too many requests for connections, making it impossible for legitimate requests to succeed Drafting Note: Technology Neutrality is Key 21
22 Causing Damage Cyber-crime Convention recommends criminalizing both interference with data and systems Title 1, Article 4 Data Interference Countries must criminalize intentionally and without right the damaging, deletion, deterioration, alteration or suppression of computer data Article 5 System Interference Similar provision against the serious hindering of the functioning of a computer system by inputting, transmitting, damaging, deleting, deteriorating, altering or suppressing computer data 22
23 Introduction Overview Substantive Offenses Computer intrusions Actions that cause damage Interception of communications Trafficking in passwords/hacking tools Mental state issues Punishment issues 23
24 Interception of Communications Gains Unauthorized Access Or Exceeds Authorized Access Obtains Information Facilitates Another Crime Causes Damage Intercepts Communications 24
25 Interception of Communications Examples Capture of communications while in transmission Similar to live interception of a telephone call Includes interception of , web surfing, or other protocols Hacker breaks into computer network and installs a sniffer Can then obtain the logon and password of users of the computer network System administrator intercepts communications of president of the company Note: when drafting the statute to criminalize this activity, it is important to include exceptions for proper activities of the system administrators (e.g., to render service, to promote security, and to protect the system ) 25
26 Overview Introduction Substantive Offenses Computer intrusions Actions that cause damage Interception of communications Trafficking in passwords/hacking tools Mental state issues Punishment issues 26
27 Trafficking in Passwords/hacking tools Transferring passwords or other access devices that enable a person to gain unauthorized access to a computer Also includes possession with intent to use criminally Rationale: Prohibiting possession or distribution limits and deters the underlying crime of hacking Analogous to prohibiting burglar tools 27
28 Trafficking in Passwords Definition Access device includes passwords, codes, or any data by which a computer system or service can be accessed or used Q: Should this encompass distribution of vulnerability information? With intent to commit fraud or another criminal act? Distribution need not be a formal sale passwords are commonly traded by hackers 28
29 Trafficking in Passwords Cybercrime Convention Title 1, Article 6 Misuse of Devices Countries must prohibit the possession, production, sale, procurement for use, import, distribution or otherwise making available a computer password, access code, or similar data by which the whole or any part of a computer system is capable of being accessed with intent that it be used for the purpose of committing any of the [hacking offenses] 29
30 Introduction Overview Substantive Offenses Computer intrusions Actions that cause damage Interception of communications Trafficking in passwords/hacking tools Mental state issues Punishment issues 30
31 Mental State Issues Lawmakers can require proof of a mental state for each element of a crime E.g.: intentionally accesses a computer without authorization and thereby obtains information Or: intentionally transmits a program, code, or command and recklessly causes damage Each country should consider carefully which mental states are appropriate For crimes involving damage to computers, generally the law should require proof only of the intent to cause damage and NOT the type or amount of damage 31
32 Overview Introduction Substantive Offenses Computer intrusions Actions that cause damage Interception of communications Trafficking in passwords Mental state issues Jurisdictional issues Punishment issues 32
33 Punishment Issues Best practices Punishment structures are unique and will vary from country to country Relying solely on monetary loss as the basis for sentencing will not adequately reflect the degree of harm Consider allowing victims the right to claim civil damages Listing aggravating factors 33
34 Questions? 34
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