CSN11111 Network Security

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1 CSN11111 Network Security Access Control

2

3 Learning Objectives Access Control definition Models Information access control Network based access control AAA Radius Tacacs+

4 ACCESS CONTROL -DEFINITION

5 Access Control Going all the way back to early time-sharing systems, we systems people regarded the users, and any code they wrote, as the mortal enemies of us and each other. We were like the police force in a violent slum. ROGER NEEDHAM Microsoft could have incorporated effective security measures as standard, but good sense prevailed. Security systems have a nasty habit of backfiring, and there is no doubt they would cause enormous problems. RICK MAYBURY

6 What is Access Control? Access control is the traditional centre of gravity of computer security. It is where security engineering meets computer science. Its function is to control which principals (persons, processes, machines,...) have access to which resources in the system which files they can read, which programs they can execute, how they share data with other principals, and so on.

7 Access Protection Policy It focuses attention on security issues, and probably, this attention results in resource allocation toward system security. It helps in configuring appropriate security for each system resource based on role and importance in the system. It allows system auditing and testing.

8 Four Elements of Access Control Subjects Users, group of users Objects Data Files Resources Operations Observe read only Alter write access Reference monitor Hierarchy of rules J.M. Kizza, A Guide to Computer Network Security

9 Access Control Models Mandatory Access Control (MAC) -the strictest of all levels of control. The design of MAC was defined, and is primarily used by the government. Discretionary Access Control (DAC) -each user controls access to its own data. Default access control mechanism for most desktop operating systems. Role Based Access Control (RBAC), also known as Non discretionary Access Control -real world approach to structuring access control based on a user's job function within the organization to which the computer system belongs. Rule Based Access Control -requires that specific rules be written that determine who can access what

10 Mandatory Access Control (MAC) Hierarchical approach to controlling access to resources Access to all resource objects (such as data files) is controlled by settings defined by the system administrator Mandatory Access Control begins with security labelsassigned to all resource objects on the system. These security labels contain two pieces of information -a classification (top secret, confidential etc) and a category (which is essentially an indication of the management level, department or project to which the object is available). Disadvantages: considerable amount of planning before it can be effectively implemented high system management overhead

11 Discretionary Access Control (DAC) Each resource object on a DAC based system has an Access Control List(ACL) associated with it. An ACL contains a list of users and groups to which the user has permitted access together with the level of access for each user or group User can only set access permissions for resources which they already own More flexible environment but also increases the risk that data will be made accessible to users that should not necessarily be given access

12 Role Based Access Control (RBAC) RBAC assigns permissions to particular roles in an organization. Users are then assigned to that particular role. Roles differ from groupsin that while users may belong to multiple groups, a user under RBAC may only be assigned a single role in an organization. Additionally, there is no way to provide individual users additional permissions over and above those available for their role.

13 Rule Based Access Control Under Rules Based Access Control, access is allowed or denied to resource objects based on a set of rules defined by a system administrator. As with Discretionary Access Control, access properties are stored in Access Control Lists (ACL) associated with each resource object. Examples of Rules Based Access Control include situations such as permitting access for an account or group to a network connection at certain hours of the day or days of the week. As with MAC, access control cannot be changed by users. All access permissions are controlled solely by the system administrator.

14 INFORMATION ACCESS CONTROL

15 Basic Security Theorem If the initial state of a system is secure and if all state transitions are secure, then the system will always be secure.

16 Bell-LaPadulaModel (BLP) Subjects and objects labelled with security levels that form a partial ordering. The policy: No information flow from high security levels down to low security level (confidentiality). Only considers information flows that occur when a subject observes or alters an object. Access permissions defined through an access control matrix and security levels. "no write down, no read up"

17 BibaModel Integrity refers to the trustworthiness of data or resources. Integrity is usually defined in terms of preventing improper or authorized change to data. There are three main goals of integrity: 1. Preventing unauthorized users from making modifications to data or programs. 2. Preventing authorized users from making improper or unauthorized modifications. 3. Maintaining internal and external consistency of data and programs. "no read down, no write up"

18 Clark-Wilson Model Clark and Wilson claimed that the following are four fundamental concerns of any reasonable commercial integrity model: Authentication: identity of all users must be properly authenticated. Audit: modifications should be logged to record every program executed and by whom, in a way that cannot be subverted. Well-formed transactions: users manipulate data only in constrained ways. Only legitimate accesses are allowed. Separation of duty: the system associates with each user a valid set of programs they can run and prevents unauthorized modifications, thus preserving integrity and consistency with the real world.

19 Active Directory -definition A directory service from Microsoft that is a part of Windows It is an implementation of Internet standard directory and naming protocols that uses a database engine for transactional support, and also supports a variety of application programming interface standards.

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21 Lightweight Directory Access Protocol(LDAP) LDAP defines the following four components: Data Model. Defines the syntax of the data in the directory. Organizational Model. Defines how the data is organized in the directory. Security Model. Defines how the information in the directory is accessed in a secure manner. Functional Model. Defines the operations for querying and modifying the directory.

22 NETWORK BASED ACCESS CONTROL

23 The Three Components of AAA Authentication Provides the method of identifying users, including login and password dialog, challenge and response, messaging support, and, depending on the security protocol selected, encryption Authorisation Provides the method for remote access control, including one-time authorisation or authorisation for each service, per-user account list and profile, user group support, and support of IP, IPX, ARA, and Telnet Accounting Provides the method for collecting and sending security server information used for billing, auditing, and reporting, such as user identities, start and stop times, executed commands (such as PPP), number of packets, and number of bytes

24 Authentication Authentication is the way a user is identified prior to being allowed access to the network and network services AAA authentication is configured by defining a named list of authentication methods, and then applying that list to various interfaces The method list defines the types of authentication to be performed and the sequence in which they will be performed; it MUST be applied to a specific interface before any of the defined authentication methods will be performed The only exception is the default method list ( default ). The default method list is automatically applied to all interfaces if no other method list is defined. A defined method list overridesthe default method list. All authentication methods, except for local, line password, and enable authentication, MUST be defined through AAA

25 Authorisation Authorisation provides the method for remote access control, including one-time authorization or authorisation for each service, per-user account list and profile, user group support, and support of IP, IPX, ARA, and Telnet AAA authorisation works by assembling a set of attributes that describe what the user is authorized to perform These attributes are compared to the information contained in a database for a given user and the result is returned to AAA to determine the user's actual capabilities and restrictions The database can be located locally on the access server or router, or it can be hosted remotely on a RADIUSor TACACS+security server As with authentication, AAA authorisation is configured by defining a named list of authorisation methods, and then applying that list to various interfaces

26 Accounting Accounting provides the method for collecting and sending security server information used for billing, auditing, and reporting -user identities, start and stop times, executed commands, number of packets, and number of bytes Accounting enables tracking of the services users are accessing as well as the amount of network resources they are consuming With AAA accounting activated, the NAS reports user activity to the RADIUS or TACACS+ security server in the form of accounting records Each accounting record is comprised of accounting AV pairs and is stored on the access control server. This data can then be analysedfor network management, client billing, and/or auditing All accounting methods must be defined through AAA. Accounting is configured by defining a named list of accounting methods, and then applying that list to various interfaces

27 AccessControl In many circumstances, AAA uses protocols such as RADIUS, TACACS+, or Kerberos to administer security functions If your router or access server is acting as a network access server, AAA is the means through which you establish communication between your network access server and your RADIUS, TACACS+, or Kerberos security server Although AAA is the primary (and recommended) method for access control, CiscoIOS software provides additional features for simple access control that are outside the scope of AAA, such as local username authentication, line password authentication, and enable password authentication. However, these features do not provide the same degree of access control that is possible by using AAA

28 ImplementingAAA Cisco provides three ways of implementing AAA services for Cisco routers, network access servers (NAS), and switch equipment: 1. Self-contained AAA:AAA services can be self-contained in the router or NAS itself (also known as local authentication) 2. Cisco Secure ACS for Windows Server:AAA services on the router or NAS contact an external Cisco Secure Access Control Server (ACS) for Windows system for user and administrator authentication 3. Cisco Secure ACS Solution Engine:AAA services on the router or NAS contact an external Cisco Secure ACS Solution Engine for user and administrator authentication There are also open source AAA servers available that work in conjunction with Cisco IOS devices

29 ImplementingAAA Administrative access: Console, Telnet, and AUX access Remote user network access:ssh or VPN access

30 Network Device Access Modes

31 AAA Protocols: RADIUS and TACACS+

32 AAA Protocols: RADIUS and TACACS+ The best-known and best-used types of AAA protocols are TACACS+ and RADIUS TACACS+ and RADIUS have different features that make them suitable for different situations RADIUS is maintained by a standard that was created by the IETF TACACS+ is a proprietary Cisco Systems technology that encrypts data TACACS+ runs over TCP -RADIUS runs over UDP TACACS+ provides many benefits for configuring Cisco devices to use AAA for management and terminal services. TACACS+ can control the authorisation level of users; RADIUS cannot Because TACACS+ separates authentication and authorisation, it is possible to use TACACS+ for authorisation and accounting, while using a different method for authentication, such as Kerberos

33 RADIUSFeatures Radius is an IETF standard protocol -RFC 2865 Standard attributes can be augmented by proprietary attributes: Vendor-specific attribute 26 allows any TACACS+ attribute to be used over RADIUS Uses UDP on standard port numbers (1812 and 1813; CSACS uses 1645 and 1646 by default) It includes only two security features: Encryption of passwords (MD5 encryption) Authentication of packets (MD5 fingerprinting) Authorisation is only possible as part of authentication

34 RADIUS Authentication and Authorisation The example shows how RADIUS exchange starts once the NAS is in possession of the username and password The ACS can reply with Access-Accept message, or Access-Reject if authentication is not successful

35 RADIUSMessages There are four types of messages involved in a RADIUS authentication exchange: 1. Access-Request:Contains AV pairs for the username, password (this is the only information that is encrypted by RADIUS), and additional information such as the NAS port 2. Access-Challenge:Necessary for challenge-based authentication methods such as Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP), Microsoft CHAP (MS- CHAP), and Extensible Authentication Protocol- Message Digest 5 (EAP-MD5) 3. Access-Accept:The positive answer if the user information is valid 4. Access-Reject:Sent as a negative reply if the user information is invalid

36 RADIUSAV Pairs RADIUS messages contain zero or more AV-pairs, for example: User-Name User-Password (this is the only encrypted entity in RADIUS) CHAP-Password Service-Type Framed-IP-Address There are approximately 50 standard-based attributes (RFC 2865) RADIUS allows proprietary attributes Basic attributes are used for authentication purposes Most other attributes are used in the authorisation process Cisco has added several vendor-specific attributes on the server side. Cisco IOS devices will, by default, always use Cisco AV pairs, but Cisco devices can be configured to use only IETF attributes for standard compatibility Accounting information is sent within special RADIUS accounting messages

37 TACACS+ Attributes and Features The TACACS+ protocol is much more flexible than the RADIUS communication. TACACS+ protocol permits the TACACS+ server to use virtually arbitrary dialogs to collect enough information until a user is authenticated TACACS+ messages contain AV-pairs, such as: ACL ADDR CMD Interface-Config Priv-Lvl Route TACACS+ uses TCP on well-known port number 49 TACACS+ establishes a dedicated TCP session for every AAA action Cisco Secure ACS can use one persistent TCP session for all actions Protocol security includes authentication and encryption of all TACACS+ datagrams

38 TACACS+ Authentication The example shows how TACACS+ exchange starts before the user is prompted for username and password. The prompt text can be supplied by the TACACS+ server.

39 TACACS+ Network Authorisation The example shows the process of network authorisation that starts after successful authentication.

40 TACACS+ Command Authorisation The example illustrates the command authorisation process that repeatedly starts for every command that requires authorisation (based on command privilege level).

41 Configuring the AAA Server These are the first steps in configuring the network access server: Globally enable AAA to allow the use of all AAA elements. This step is a prerequisite for all other AAA commands. Specify the Cisco Secure ACS (if being used, or other server if not) that will provide AAA services for the network access server Configure the encryption key that will be used to encrypt the data transfer between the network access server and the Cisco Secure ACS

42 Configuring the AAA Server TACACS+ RADIUS

43 AAA Configuration Commands Command aaa new-model tacacs-server host ipaddress single-connection tacacs-server key key radius-server host ipaddress radius-server key key Description Enables AAA on the router. Prerequisite for all other AAA commands. Indicates the address of the Cisco Secure ACS server and specifies use of the TCP single-connection feature of Cisco Secure ACS. This feature improves performance by maintaining a single TCP connection for the life of the session between the network access server and the Cisco Secure ACS server, rather than opening and closing TCP connections for each session (the default). Establishes the shared secret encryption key between the network access server and the Cisco Secure ACS server. Specifies a RADIUS AAA server. Specifies an encryption key to be used with the RADIUS AAA server.

44 AAA Authentication Commands Router(config)# aaa authentication login {default list_name} group {group_name tacacs+ radius} [method2 [method3 [method4]]] Use this command to configure the authentication process Router(config)#aaa authentication login default group tacacs+ local line

45 aaa authentication loginparameters Parameter default list-name group group-name group radius group tacacs+ Description This command creates a default that is automatically applied to all lines and interfaces, specifying the method or sequence of methods for authentication. This command creates a list, with a name of your choosing, that is applied explicitly to a line or interface using the method or methods specified. This defined list overrides the default when you apply the defined list to a specific line or interface. These methods specify the use of an AAA server. The group radius and group tacacs+ methods refer to previously defined RADIUS or TACACS+ servers. The group-name string allows the use of a predefined group of RADIUS or TACACS+ servers for authentication (created with the aaa group server radius or aaa group server tacacs+ command).

46 AAA Authorization Commands The access server can be configured to restrict the user to perform certain functions only after successful authentication Use the aaaauthorizationcommand in global configuration mode to select the function authorized and the method of authorisation Troubleshooting Authorization To display information on AAA authorisation, use the debug aaaauthorizationcommand in privileged-exec mode. Use the nodebug aaaauthorizationform of the command to disable this debug mode.

47 AAA Authorization Commands router(config)# aaa authorization {network exec commands level config-commands reverse-access} {default list-name} method1 [method2...] Example: router(config)#aaa authorization exec default group radius local none

48 AAA Accounting Commands Use the aaa accountingcommand in global configuration mode for auditing and billing purposes.. Accounting of user EXEC sessions requires that aaa new-modelis enabled and that the authentication and authorisation configuration is in place. The Cisco Secure ACS serves as a central repository for accounting information by completing the access control functionality. Accounting tracks events that occur on the network. Each session that is established through the Cisco Secure ACS can be fully accounted for and stored on the server. This stored information can be very helpful for management, security audits, capacity planning, and network usage billing.

49 AAA Accounting Example router(config)# aaa accounting {command level connection exec network system} {default list-name} {start-stop stop-only wait-start} group {tacacs+ radius} Example: R2(config)#aaa accounting exec default start-stop group tacacs+

50 ANY QUESTIONS? Thank you

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