Let's Encrypt - Free SSL certificates for the masses. Pete Helgren Bible Study Fellowship International San Antonio, TX
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1 Let's Encrypt - Free SSL certificates for the masses Pete Helgren Bible Study Fellowship International San Antonio, TX
2 Agenda Overview of data security Encoding and Encryption SSL and TLS Certficate options Self-signed Commercial Free Installation General IBM i
3 Why use a certificate?
4 Encoding Encoding The process of putting a sequence of characters into a special format for transmission or storage purposes. Most common : BASE64 encoding, encoding binary data into ASCII characters. Encoding is NOT encryption! But is often used in conjunction with encryption.
5 Encryption Recognize any of these schemes?
6 Encryption Encryption - Symmetric Both parties share a secret key Party A generates a shared secret key and sends the key to party B. Party A uses the shared secret key to encrypt the data and send it to Party B. Party B uses their shared secret key to decrypt the data. Party B uses shared secret key to encrypt the data and send it to Party A. Party A uses the shared secret key to decrypt the data.
7 Encryption Symmetric
8 Encryption Encryption Asymmetric Both parties share public keys so that each of them can decrypt the content sent by the other using their public keys. Party A generates a private key and a public key and sends the public key to party B. Party B generates a private key and a public key and sends the public key to party A. Party A uses Party B s public key to encrypt the data and send it to Party B. Party B uses their private key to decrypt the data. Party B uses Party A s public key to encrypt the data and send it to Party A. Party A uses their private key to decrypt the data.
9 Encryption Asymmetric
10 Encryption Symmetric doesn t scale well. Good for single, party-party data exchanges Trust in the key and the server is up to you If the key is compromised, you re cooked. Asymmetric Can scale with 3rd party CA Many to one and many to many Key trust relegated to 3rd party CA If server key compromised, you re cooked If CA is compromised, you re cooked.
11 Encryption Asymmetric key most common. Certificate authority needed as 3 rd party x.509 Certificate is most widely used. Contains identifying information such as Company name and maybe address Contains the public key of the public/ private key pair (private key remains on server) Issued by CA
12 Encryption Ciphers (most common and accepted): RSA (after the inventors Rivest, Shamir, and Adelman) DSA (Digital Signature Algorithm) Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) Diffie-Hellman (DH)and Elliptic Curve DiffieHellman (ECDH) AES - Advanced Encryption Standard Galois/Counter Mode (GCM)
13 Cipher suites Related Hashes SHA256, SHA1, MD5 Deprecated RC4 - Rivest Cipher 4 SHA1
14 Cipher Suites A suite combines one or more ciphers Authentication: RSA, DSA, ECDSA Encryption:RC4, 3DES, AES Message Authentication (MAC):HMACSHA256, HMAC-SHA1, HMAC-MD5 Key Exchange: RSA, Diffie-Hellman, ECDH, SRP, PSK
15 Cipher Suites From my SSL config in Apache (Linux): SSLCipherSuite "EECDH+ECDSA+AESGCM EECDH+aRSA+AESGCM EECDH+ECDSA+SHA384 EECDH+ECDSA+SHA256 EECDH+aRSA+SHA384 EECDH+aRSA+SHA256 EECDH EDH+aRSA!aNULL!eNULL!LOW!3DES!MD5!EXP!PSK!SRP!DSS!RC4"
16 SSL vs TLS These protocols establish the structure and steps of a secure connection Basically: Old vs New SSL (old) Secure Sockets Layer All versions have been deprecated TLS (new) Transport Security Layer protocol - Version 1.1 and 1.2 (1.3 on the way!)
17 TLS Step by step Three-way handshake for TCP
18 TLS -Client Hello Client establishes connection with server ClientHello: Provides a starting point for communication, and a set of options (Version, CipherSuites, etc) for the receiving party (Server) to choose from regarding the connection.
19 TLS - Server Hello Server responds to the connection request The server picks the TLS protocol version for further communication, decides on a ciphersuite from the list provided by the client, attaches its certificate, and sends the response back to the client. Optionally, the server can also send a request for the client s certificate and parameters for other TLS extensions.
20 Server Hello ClientKeyExchange: Confirms the selected encryption algorithm (RSA, Diffie-Hellman or Fortezza/DMS)
21 Client change cipher Client's ChangeCipherSpec: Indicates that the client is ready to begin secure communications. Finished: Indicates that further messages from the client will be encrypted
22 Server change cipher Server's ChangeCipherSpec: Indicates that the server is ready to begin secure communications. Finished: Indicates that further messages from the server will be encrypted.
23 Assuming both sides are able to negotiate a common version and cipher, and the client is happy with the certificate provided by the server, the client initiates either the RSA or the Diffie-Hellman key exchange, which is used to establish the symmetric key for the ensuing session. The server processes the key exchange parameters sent by the client, checks message integrity by verifying the MAC, and returns an encrypted Finished message back to the client. The client decrypts the message with the negotiated symmetric key, verifies the MAC, and if all is well, then the tunnel is established and application data can now be sent. MAC - message authentication code - one-way cryptographic hash function
24 rd Trusted 3 party verification In PKI it s all about trust! Trust a 3rd party CA Trust the self-signed certificate (you are your own CA) WHO do you trust?
25 Third party Certificate Authorities Fee based Comodo GoDaddy Verisign Thawt Globalsign Symantec
26 3rd party CA s FREE! Let s Encrypt Cloud Flare SSL for Free (Let s Encrypt ACME server)
27 Let s Encrypt basics Free! Available in 90 day lifespans Wildcards not supported Multiple subdomains and domains on a single certificate is supported. Automated renewal and revocation through ACME clients (most platforms..except IBM i for now)
28 Let s Encrypt methods Two ways to handle the request and installation: Manually there are step by step instructions Certbot about 95% automated ACME clients (Automated Certificate Management Environment) Although some registrars and web services providers support Let s Encrypt, many do not so you ll end up rolling your own.
29 ACME clients Certbot Pre-built, wizard-like scripts. Most steps completely automated. Get just a cert or help with install on server. Other automated scripts and websites in: Perl Python Java Javascript Ruby PHP MANY others!
30 Certificate generation Certificate signing request Sent to your CA Contains the public key Java Keytool keytool -genkey -alias mydomain -keyalg RSA -keystore keystore.jks -keysize 2048 keytool -certreq -alias mydomain -keystore keystore.jks -file mydomain.csr
31 Certificate generation Certificate signing request OpenSSL openssl genrsa -out /path/to/www_server_com.key 2048 openssl req -new -key /path/to/www_server_com.key -out /path/to/www_server_com.csr
32 Requirements The Country Name is mandatory and takes a two-letter country code. The State or Province Name field requires a full name do not use an abbreviation. The Locality Name field is for your city or town. In the Organization Name field, add your company or organization. Organizational Unit Name is an optional field for your department or section. The Common Name field is used for the Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) of the website this certificate will protect. address is an optional field for this request. The challenge password and optional company name fields are optional and can be skipped as well
33 CSR Output -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE REQUEST----MIIByjCCATMCAQAwgYkxCzAJBgNVBAYTAlVTMRMwEQYDVQQIEwpDY WxpZm9ybmlhMRYwFAYDVQQHEw1Nb3VudGFpbiBWaWV3MRMwEQYD VQQKEwpHb29nbGUgSW5jMR8wHQYDVQQLExZJbmZvcm1hdGlvbiBUZ WNobm9sb2d5MRcwFQYDVQQDEw53d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbTCBnzANBgkq hkig9w0baqefaaobjqawgykcgyeapztyjchj4vpvxhfvilstqtlo4qc03hj X+ZkPyvdYd1Q4+qbAeTwXmCUKYHThVRd5aXSqlPzyIBwieMZrWFlRQddZ 1IzXAlVRDWwAo60KecqeAXnnUK+5fXoTI/UgWshre8tJ+x/TMHaQKR/J ciwphqaqhsjuzzbvadga80blxdmcaweaaaaama0gcsqgsib3dqebbq UAA4GBAIhl4PvFq+e7ipARgI5ZM+GZx6mpCz44DTo0JkwfRDf+BtrsaC0q68 etf2xhyosq4fkhq0ua0avog3f5ijxca3hp5gxbjq6zv6kj0tesuaaoheko9s dpcoponrbm2i/xrd2d6inh8f8z0shgsfqjdgfhyf3o+luyj+uc6h1qw7bn -----END CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----
34 Certificate request If all is well, you are sent either a file or a link. You may have an intermediate file or you may be requested to bundle them (copy them together). Installation may be manual, semiautomatic or automated (a la Certbot)
35 Self signed Certificates One extra step (no CA to send you a cert) Generate the x.509 certificate: openssl req -x509 -sha256 -days 365 -key private.key -in csr.csr -out certificate.crt How many days duration should you set? 3-5 years is most common (5 years days)
36 On IBM i we use DCM Digital Certificate Manager CAN be a challenge to use and understand Generate a CSR Import the x.509 certificate from third party (Let s Encrypt in our case)
37 DCM Where is it?
38 DCM landing page
39 Select a store
40 Choose *SYSTEM store
41 Create a CSR
42 Create a CSR For Let s Encrypt - Verisign or other...
43 Complete CSR Request Make sure your host/domain here matches your certificate request
44 Click continue and generate CSR Ignore this warning at your own peril!
45 Send the request to Let s Encrypt The ACME client can help here LE will need to confirm you are who you say you are. Creating a private key that you register with them. Also by validating your site through file access or DNS entry (file is easier called a challenge) I have been using the Bash shell version of an ACME client called.acme.sh and a java version. You can find more info on acme.sh here:
46 Install acme.sh Choose a location ( ~ for home folder, git for git...whatever) Use the bash shell in your ssh session: bash <enter> git clone cd./acme.sh./acme.sh --install force Exit and then sign back in
47 Run it! We already have a CSR generated by the DCM...so... acme.sh --signcsr --csr /path/to/mycsr.csr -w /path/to/webroot/
48 What to do with the certificate Import the generated.pem file
49 Import the LE Certificate Running the ACME client probably put your certificate into a folder in the IFS. Point your path there:
50 Voila!
51 How to I USE it? Back to the HTTP Admin panel
52 Configure SSL for your Apache instance
53 Access the keystore
54 Select the certficate
55 Choose valid CA (or whole store)
56 Complete!
57 Apache Adjustments The SSL configuration tweaks provided by the wizard: Added ibm_ssl_module You add/modify the port assignment Modifications made to your virtual host
58 Virtual host changes I have a reverse proxy so I: Removed the virtual host modifications from PETES Added the mods to my Virtual Host entries in the reverse proxy:
59 90 day renewal Not automated for DCM/IBM i Apache (yet!) Issue the renew option for your ACME client to run Import the renewed certificate
60 Renew Certificate
61 Import renewed certificate Same as when you imported the new cert in the IFS
62 Use Calendar reminder every 75 days Basic steps when using DCM: Use DCM to generate CSR Use ACME client to use csr to generate LE certificate Use DCM to import generated certificate Every days, renew the certificate with LE and import into DCM
63 Thanks! Happy Encrypting! Pete Helgren
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