Encryption and Key Management. Arshad Noor, CTO StrongAuth, Inc. Copyright StrongAuth, Inc Version 1.1
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1 Encryption and Key Management Arshad Noor, CTO StrongAuth, Inc 1
2 I. Introduction 2
3 Who is StrongAuth? Cupertino CA-based private company Founded in 2001 Focused on Architecture, Design, Development & Support of: Enterprise Key Management Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) Symmetric Key Management System (SKMS) Customers in many sectors Finance, Pharmaceutical, Medical Devices, e-commerce, Entertainment, Retail, BPO Services, Manufacturing 3
4 Why bother listening to me? 30+ years of work-experience 6 years on the Business side 24+ in Information Technology 10+ in Cryptographic Key Management Designer, lead-developer of StrongKey the industry's first, open-source, Symmetric Key Management System (2006) Designer, lead-developer of the StrongKey Lite Encryption System the industry's lowest cost encryption & KM appliance (2010) 4
5 II. Some Definitions 5
6 Encryption A reversible cryptographic operation that transforms meaningful plaintext to illegible ciphertext Tokenization A reversible operation that substitutes meaningful plaintext to meaningless plaintext Hashing An irreversible cryptographic operation that transforms meaningful plaintext to an illegible message-digest (hash) Key Management The life-cycle operations associated with the secure creation, use, management, distribution and destruction of cryptographic keys 6
7 Symmetric Encryption The process of transforming plaintext to ciphertext, and vice-versa, using the same encryption/decryption key You must be the change you want to see in the world. M.K. Gandhi Encryption eaf0f527e6b4cfe52e8 + + Decryption b5042a5c0e88a9b 74211b67ee3aabb b30d e6c0fd 81faa34e245 7
8 Symmetric Encryption Shared key for encryption and decryption Faster Unlimited size for plaintext Typically used to encrypt bulk data Data Encryption Standard (DES) 56-bit Triple-Data Encryption Standard (3DES) 112 and 168-bit Advanced Encryption System (AES) 128, 192 and 256-bit 8
9 Asymmetric Encryption The process of transforming plaintext to ciphertext, and vice-versa, using two different keys You must be the change you want to see in the world. M.K. Gandhi Encryption xu5wdjau08gs eaf6b4cfe52e8 + + Decryption b5042a5c0e88a9b 74211b67ee3aabb b30d e6c0fd 81faa34e245ksydx98dddkyl 9
10 Asymmetric Encryption Different keys for encryption & decryption Slower Limited size for plaintext Less than the size of the key Used to encrypt symmetric keys & hashes Rivest-Shamir-Adelman (RSA) 512 to 8192-bits 2048-bits recommended for 2010 deployments 10
11 Message Digest (Hash) The object created by the process of transforming data to a fixed-size cryptographic value using a one-way transformation process You must be the change you want to see in the world. M.K. Gandhi Hashing b5042a5c0e88a9b 11
12 Message Digest (Hash) No key is involved just an algorithm Unlimited size data Typically used to verify the integrity of a file Message Digest 5 (MD5) Broken!! 128-bit fixed size Secure Hashing Algorithm (SHA) SHA1: 160-bit (Avoid, if possible) SHA-256, SHA-384 and SHA
13 Tokenization The process of substituting a like-value for plaintext without the use of cryptography
14 III. Cryptography Pitfalls 14
15 Cryptography pitfalls-1 Storing symmetric key in a file, registry-entry, database record somewhere on the system Encrypting symmetric key with public key, but storing private key in a file Using Password-Based-Encryption (PBE), but storing the password in a file Compiling symmetric key into the program Encrypting symmetric key with another symmetric key Backing up the key with the ciphertext 15
16 Cryptography pitfalls-2 Using a single key to encrypt all data Not verifying the integrity of decrypted data Not thinking through key-rotation issues Single rotation per year Rotating DEK-ciphertext - not data-ciphertext Not thinking through split-key knowledge issues Not planning for rapid changes in cryptography Encrypting at the wrong layer of the stack 16
17 Real-world analogy Precious cargo Is protected all the time! 17
18 Real-world analogy 18
19 Cryptography pitfalls-3 Encrypting at the wrong layer of the stack SKLES Application Network Web Server Vulnerable Application Server JDBC/ODBC Database Others Operating System Hard Disk Drive 19
20 The right way SKLES Application Network Web Server Application Server Irrelevant JDBC/ODBC Database Operating System Hard Disk Drive 20
21 IV. Solution 21
22 So, what do you do? Reduce the exposure of sensitive data Abstract cryptography out of the application Use a cryptographic hardware module as a back-stop Use specialized solutions rather than homebrewed encryption Follow NIST guidelines for algorithms, key-sizes 22
23 Reduce the exposure - 1 System-1 Sensitive Data System-2 Sensitive Data System-3 Sensitive Data System-4 Sensitive Data System-5 Sensitive Data 23
24 Reduce the exposure -2 System-1 Sensitive Data System-2 Sensitive Data System-3 Sensitive Data System-4 Sensitive Data System-5 Sensitive Data 24
25 Reduce the exposure - 3 System-1 Sensitive Data System-4 Sensitive Data System-2 Sensitive Data SKLES System-3 Sensitive Data System-5 Sensitive Data 25
26 Abstract cryptography out C/C++ Application 1 Application Server LDAP Server 2 3 Java Application 1 Network PHP/Ruby Application 1 Crypto-Module Internal DB Applications Encryption and Key Management 26
27 Use cryptographic hardware TPM HSM Trusted Platform Module CC EAL4+ certified RSA 2048-bit keys that never leave the TPM Embedded on computer motherboards Hardware Security Module FIPS certified RSA and Suite-B algorithms Erases on-board cryptographic material when stolen 27
28 Use specialized solutions 28
29 NIST Guidelines Triple-DES (112- or 168-bits) symmetric keys AES (128-, 192- or 256-bits) symmetric keys RSA (2048-bits or greater) asymmetric keys SHA-256, SHA-384 or SHA-512 for messagedigests FIPS certified cryptographic hardware modules Common Criteria EAL certified cryptographic hardware modules 29
30 Summary Cryptography has always been complex, but is getting increasingly so: Attackers are knowledgable and using crypto Crypto-hardware is becoming ubiquitous Growing number of crypto forums and standards State laws are referencing PCI-DSS or crypto directly Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nevada, Washington Education and a long-term strategy is key to preventing crypto-chaos 30
31 Thank You Questions? Contact Information: Arshad Noor (408) Direct (408) Mobile 31
Enterprise Key Management Infrastructure: Understanding them before auditing them. Arshad Noor CTO, StrongAuth, Inc. Chair, OASIS EKMI-TC
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