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1 Mandatory iscsi Security review of the potential methods IPS Interim Meeting Nashua NH, May Ofer Biran Thanks to: IBM Research Lab in Haifa Bernard Aboba, David Black, Julian Satran, Steve Senum
2 Current draft Security MUST / MAY for Implementation: MUST provide means of authentication and data integrity. MAY provide means of data privacy. Both can be satisfied by using IPSec. IPSec orthogonal to the iscsi standard. Negotiated: Kerb5, SPKM-1,2, SRP, CHAP [TLS, proprietary]
3 Security Open Issues Mandatory to implement method ensures Implementation Interoperability Still might be configured out... e.g., in TLS, mandatory algorithm is TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA in CHAP: MD5
4 Selection Criteria 1. Suitability for the iscsi scenarios 2. Administration 3. Standardization, existing code & implementations 4. Code complexity 5. Performance / hardware acceleration 6. Security considerations 7. Licensing
5 1. Suitability for the iscsi scenarios Security roles : Initiator Target iscsi Proxy iscsi Gateway iscsi-aware firewall Initiators are 'users' on target systems? The identity to be authenticated.
6 1....Suitability for the iscsi scenarios Corporate intranet aspects, firewalls. Central security server appropriate? isns requirements / interoperability.
7 2. Administration Getting into operational state. Adding / removing users and service principals. Maintenance (passwords, certificates, security servers & databases). Policy. Authorization aspects.
8 2.... Administration The potential methods divided to: User accounts on target machine (SRP, CHAP) Security server (KERB5, CHAP/Radius, SPKM/iSNS) PKI (IPSec, SPKM, TLS)
9 3. Standardization, existing code & implementations Status of formal standard Existing code: Open source Commercial libraries (GSS_API) Experience and acceptance Customer base
10 4. Code complexity Code size Programming effort Testing effort Security server more complex. More options more complex...
11 5. Performance / Hardware accelerators Initial Authentication no issue Message authentication/integrity Encryption not mandatory Agreed only by IPSec (or proprietary)
12 6. Security considerations Protected attacks Known crypto algorithm deficiencies Other security problems
13 Kerberos V5 Central KDC (AS + TGS) stores all users & services keys. User get credentials (TGT) from the AS, then get a ticket for each desired service. Service has a private key in protected file. Timestamps play important role. iscsi login defines tokens exchange and digests based on GSS-API.
14 Kerberos V5 1. Suitability for the iscsi scenarios +- Excellent for Intranet scenario Less suitable for Internet / crossing into Intarnet. Third party (KDC) dependency. 2. Administration + Some effort in initial configuration Excellent for add/delete users, maintenance, Policy, Authorization aspects.
15 ...Kerberos V5 3. Standardization, exist. Implementations + Excellent experience & acceptance. Large customer base. 4. Code complexity +- Very complex, however free & commercial GSS-API libraries exist. 5. Performance / hardware acceleration - For digest: MD5 / DES based.
16 ...Kerberos V5 6. Security considerations +- Crypto digest available (GSS_GetMic) (MD5 / DES issues) Encryption also available (GSS_Wrap) but not defined in the iscsi draft. Credentials reuse & delegation. TGS protocol dictionary attack (proposal to use SRP...).
17 SPKM-1/2 Simple Public Key Mechanism Based on RFC-2025 The Simple Public-Key GSS-API Mechanism (SPKM) SPKM-1 (random challenge), SPKM-2 (timestamp) iscsi login defines token exchange: SPKM-REQ gss_init_sec_context() SPKM-REP-TI SPKM-REP-IT gss_accept_sec_context() gss_init_sec_context() Digest by GSS_GetMIC() similar to KRB5 (here: md5withrsa,des-mac,md5-des-cbc)
18 SPKM-1/2 Simple Public Key Mechanism 1. Suitability for the iscsi scenarios + With CA hierarchy suitable both for Intranet and Internet. Proxy / real target can both play security endpoint. 2. Administration +- PKI... Intranet CA + distribution of certificates. CRLs are complex. Certificates can be used for authorization aspects (property fields).
19 ... SPKM-1/2 3. Standardization, exist. Implementations - RFC-2025 in proposed standard (since 1996) NFS V4 mandates SPKM-3 which is based on SPKM (RFC-2025). Very few implementations / experience. 4. Code complexity +- Not complex, but lack of experience & commercial libraries.
20 ... SPKM-1/2 5. Performance / hardware acceleration - For digest: MD5 / DES based. 6. Security considerations + Crypto digest available (GSS_GetMic) (MD5 issues) Encryption also available (GSS_Wrap) but not defined in the iscsi draft. CRLs are problematic.
21 SRP Strong Password Authentication protection against both passive and active attacks. Server keeps password verifiers. Mutual authentication (the server proves the knowledge of the verifier). Shared key (320 bit) is constructed no usage spec.
22 SRP 1. Suitability for the iscsi scenarios User/password based... Machine key or user s password (?) Suitable for SSPs. 2. Administration + User/password DB for each target, or central security DB (with safe target connection).
23 ...SRP 3. Standardization, existing implementations + RFC-2945 in proposed standard. Telnet, FTP, SSH extensions. 4. Code complexity + Very simple. 5. Performance / hardware acceleration - Only initial authentication (currently) 6. Security considerations + Strong Password authentication. Mutual. no clear passwords saved, shared key (320 bits) is generated, can be used for MIC no standard for this.
24 CHAP ( [/Radius] ) Simple challenge / response scheme. Used for PPP authentication (defined for the PPP link layer iscsi defines corresponding login exchanges). Radius server is used on the server side but this is optional. iscsi login defines server authentication by reverse challenge / response.
25 CHAP ( [/Radius] ) 1. Suitability for the iscsi scenarios User/password based... Machine key or user s password (?) Suitable for SSPs. Target needs password for user for mutual authentication. Third party (Radius server) dependency. 2. Administration + User/password DB for each target, or Radius security server (with safe target connection).
26 ... CHAP ( [/Radius] ) 3. Standardization, exist. Implementations + RFC-2945 in proposed standard. Well accepted, large customer base. 4. Code complexity + Very simple. 5. Performance / hardware acceleration Only initial authentication.
27 ... CHAP ( [/Radius] ) 6. Security considerations - Clear password saved (on Radius server). Guessing attack on the response unveil the password! Target s passwords for mutual authentication. No shared key generated.
28 TLS Based on the popular SSL (99% of internet secure traffic?) Public key & certificate scheme. Handshake phase authentication, session key generated and integrity / encryption algorithms negotiated. Has its own framing (record layer) doesn t preserve message boundaries. Otherwise convenient API control.
29 TLS 1. Suitability for the iscsi scenarios + With CA hierarchy suitable both for Intranet and Internet. Proxy / real target can both play security endpoint. 2. Administration +- PKI... Intranet CA + distribution of certificates. CRLs are complex. Certificates can be used for authorization aspects (property fields).
30 ...TLS 3. Standardization, exis implementations + THE Internet de-facto security. 4. Code complexity +- Complex, but many commercial libraries.
31 ...TLS 5. Performance / hardware acceleration - Hardware accelarators exists, not 1Gbs Record layer fragmentation breaks iscsi steering and synchronization. 6. Security considerations + CRLs are problematic.
32 IPSec Security at the IP level. Transport mode for host to host. Tunnel mode between routers (VPNs). AH IP header authentication. ECP encryption of the payload (& auth) SA generated by IKE (or KINK...) Manual keying or certificate based. Main mode for authentication, keying material and protection of quick modes. Quick modes for generating specific Sas. Complex policy rules for handling packets. Cannot be negotiated in iscsi level.
33 IPSec 1. Suitability for the iscsi scenarios +- Security on the (ext-)initiator firewall segment. Suitable for iscsi aware firewall. The only acceptable solution for encryption. Fragmentation of IKE cert payloads (filters). 2. Administration - PKI... Intranet CA + distribution of certificates. Or manual keys setting not scalable. CRLs are complex. Complex policy.
34 ... IPSec 3. Standardization, exist. Implementations + IPSec, IH,ECP,ISAKMP, DOI, IKE Well accepted, growing usage. 4. Code complexity +- Very complex, IP Stack.
35 ... IPSec 5. Performance / hardware acceleration + Available hardware with excellent encryption/integrity performance. 6. Security considerations + Issue of binding the identity authenticated during IKE SA with iscsi. Awareness of iscsi implementation of the underlying IPSec protection. Would iscsi / IPSec be orthogonal (only the administrator knows). Credential reuse. (+) CRLs are problematic.
36 IPSec TLS CHAP SRP SPKM Kerb5 Secur Perf. HW Code Comp. Std. & Impl. Admin iscsi Scena.
37 Recommendation 1. MUST implement E-E Authentication Kerberos - Third party, non-intranet SPKM - standard, code complexity CHAP Security, mutual auth. TLS record layer SRP with defined digests 2. MUST (?SHOULD) implement IPSec?unless system where IPSec must be provided by other component.
38 MUST IPSec Retrieving IKE identities / certs should be possible. Require IPSec/IKE administrative interface? Restricting IPSec (Tunnel / ESP)? Defining the IKE / SA rules in the iscsi standard? (iscsi login in lower level or iscsi login standard on 2 levels)
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