An IP Network: Application s View. SIP & NATs / Firewalls. An IP Network: Router s View. Reminder: Internet Architecture
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- Erika Willa Young
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1 An IP : Application s View SIP & s / Firewalls The primary purpose of firewalls has always been to shield buggy code from bad guys. Steve ellovin, IETF Security AD Source IP Address Source Port Number Destination IP Address Destination Port Number 80 Protocol ID TCP Slide contributions by Olaf ergmann (Uni remen TZI) 2010 Jörg Ott Jörg Ott 3 eminder: Architecture An IP : outer s View!! Transport and application s operate end-to-end!! Port numbers: addressing of processes (applications)!! -components and topology are invisible!! All functions performed end-to-end Application Protocols Transport Protocols Protocol Protocol s Application Protocols Transport Protocols Protocol Destination IP Address (Source IP Address) ( ) 2010 Jörg Ott Jörg Ott 4
2 Key Concepts of the Architecture Hosts know nothing about the network. outers know nothing about applications. ecap: Security Devices for IP s!! Packet Filter!! (dis)allow forwarding of packets to/from certain addresses!! Protect networks from stray traffic!! Application Layer Gateway (ALG) / Proxy!! control (and police) communications at application layer!! Firewall!! Combination of the above!! protect internal resources against access from the outside!! Address Translator ()!! minimize required fraction of address space!! hide internal IP addresses!! perform packet filtering for unknown traffic 2010 Jörg Ott Jörg Ott 7 A Sample Setup IP Layer: Packet Filter (via ISPs) Site 1 Site 2 IP A Corporate 2010 Jörg Ott Jörg Ott 8
3 Packet Filter Application Layer Gateway ALG Corporate Transport IP Transport IP Packet filter spec! Source, destination IP address! Protocol (UDP, TCP, ICMP)! Source, destination port! Direction of traffic May be dynamically configured. A Corporate 2010 Jörg Ott Jörg Ott 11 Stateful Packet Inspection Application Layer Gateway (Proxy) Application Transport Corporate H IP ftp server Access policies FTP proxy ftp client A Corporate Web browser client / server HTTP proxy SIP proxy http server client / server 2010 Jörg Ott Jörg Ott 12
4 Firewalls!! Packet filters, enforcing packet altering/forwarding policies!! Filter specification: Usually statically configured!! Most configurations disallow packets for non-standard ports!! Stateful packet inspection!! Detect transport or application context of packets!! Dynamically adapt filter specification!! Application layer gateways!! Terminate connections: act as transparent or explicitly visible proxies!! Monitor connection: parse contents of application s!! Functioning precludes end-to-end security!!! Dynamically adapt filter specification!! Policies may be applied at all layers Address Translators!! Intermediate systems that can translate addresses (and port numbers) in IP packets!! Often used to map global addresses to address/port number combination of hosts in a corporate network!! Different motivations!! Efficient usage of address space!! Share one globally unique address!! Use a private address space in the enterprise (10.x.x.x, x.x, )!! Security!! Make internal host inaccessible from the public!! Hide addresses / address structure!! Include dynamically configured packet filters, stateful packet inspection 2010 Jörg Ott Jörg Ott 15 Firewalls and SIP!! Default configuration of many firewalls:!! Allow outbound TCP and outbound UDP for DNS!! Allow inbound TCP for well-known TCP ports only (e.g. HTTP)!! SIP communication disallowed in most cases!! Port 5060 (UDP, TCP)!! Simple fix: change filter firewall policy to allow port 5060!! Still a problem with SIP communication on other ports!! The real problem: Media Sessions!! Transport parameters are signalled by SIP messages!! Negotiable, not known in advance!! Different transport mechanisms for different applications!! Solution approaches!! Have firewalls be controlled by ALGs!! Adapt SIP to make it more firewall-friendly!! Define firewall-control s to open firewalls dynamically!! Issues: Authentication and authorization SIP proxy server SIP firewall traversal MIDCOM 2010 Jörg Ott 14 (+Port) Address Translators () A Private Transport IP Mapping Function Public 2010 Jörg Ott 16
5 H1 H2 H3 H1: ftp H2: ftp H2: telnet H3: http Address Translators x Corporate Intranet : : : : Host IP Address, Port Translation table Fixed IP Address, Port : : : :20004 ftp server ftp server telnetd web server Endpoint-independent Mapping :12836! : :12836! :61795!! The same mapping is used for all external peers!! Outbound packets establish temporary address/port binding!! Incoming packets are dropped when no binding exists!! All bindings time out after some inactivity period!! May depend on the load situation 2010 Jörg Ott Jörg Ott 19 Operation of NA(P)Ts!! s usually only one-way permeable for initiating connections!! From private to public network!! Other direction limited to statically pre-configured addresses!! Mapping: s create address/port number mappings!! Mappings are usually created dynamically, e.g. on connection setup!! Static configurations also possible!! Works best with connection-oriented communication!! Most common case: TCP connection from client-server sessions!! Client in private address space, server in public!! s have to keep state for mappings that are tied to connections!! To allow for traffic in the opposite direction to pass!! Filtering: Which traffic is allowed back in depends on type!! Important for UDP traffic (i.e. media streams)! 2010 Jörg Ott 18 Address- (and Port-) dependent Mapping :12836! :61795 [ :80] :12836! :61795 [ :8080] :12836! :61800 [ :8080] :12836! :65432 [ ]!! Outbound packets establish temporary address/port binding!! Incoming packets are dropped when no binding exists!! inding re-used only for destination IP address (and optionally port) Address- and port-dependent 2010 Jörg Ott 20
6 Filtering ehavior: Who is allowed to send back? :12836! :61795; : :12836! :42123; : !! indings established by outgoing packets!! Endpoint-independent!! Packets from anyone are passed via the binding!! Address-dependent!! Only packets from hosts to which the source sent before may send via the binding!! Address- and port-dependent!! Only packets from (address,port) pairs sent to before are allowed Mapping: Port Assignment!! Port allocation regime in s varies widely!! Next assignment: what comes after port N?!! N+1? andom? Address-dependent? Port-dependent?!! Parity preservation!! Will internal even (odd) ports be mapped to external even (odd) ones?!! Continuity: what happens for adjacent internal ports!! Will they be mapped to adjacent external ones?!! How are assignments spread across different external IP addresses? 2010 Jörg Ott Jörg Ott 23 Internal Traffic: Hairpinning ehavior efreshing and Discarding Assignments :12836! : :12345! :65432!! Can nodes behind a use their external addresses to communicate via the?!! Packets going out of the are matched against local addresses before being forwarded!! If a match is found, they are sent back into the local network!! Improves connectivity!! Introduces overhead and a single point of failure!! Discarding assignments when no longer needed!! TCP: easy via FIN packet!! What to do for long-lasting connections? Timeout!!! ecommendation: keep binding for > 2 hours!! Often not honored in practice!! UDP: no explicit setup and teardown packets!! Discard based upon timeout!! ecommendation:! 2min!! Again frequently not honored in practice -! 15 second refresh intervals are recommended by some s!! efreshing through traffic!! Inbound traffic bears some DoS (and other) attack risks!! Outbound-only traffic appears safer 2010 Jörg Ott Jörg Ott 24
7 Some Assumptions for s and Firewalls!! Applications follow client-server paradigm!! Applications use well-defined ports!! Communications are usually invoked from the inside!! Communications from the outside limited to a few servers!! Often placed in a DMZ!! Connection-oriented s (e.g. TCP) dominate!! eginning and end of communication session can be identified!! Signaling-specific!! SIP/UDP through s!! SIP message routing!! SIP registration & SIP: Problems!! Media session-specific!! SDP description (endpoint parameters) 2010 Jörg Ott Jörg Ott 27 Some Issues with Firewalls and s!! Configuring s / firewalls!! Inbound vs. outbound connections what is inbound, what is outbound?!! Per-endpoint restriction (sender, receiver) may be desirable!! How to identify and authenticate users in a middlebox!! Dynamically negotiated addresses!! Symmetric communication relationships!! (Invocation of) communications from unknown peers & SIP: Signaling Problems!! Static ports for signaling traffic (typically 5060, 5061)!! Static configuration for port forwarding (if box supports this)!! Need multiplexing in subnets with multiple SIP clients (alternative: local SIP proxy)!! esponse routing!! FC3261: euse connection for stream-oriented s (TCP, SCTP)!! UDP requires overriding of entries in Via headers to honor binding!! Need frequent keep-alive messages for INVITE transactions!! Pretty much all of this applies to SIP!!! egistration!! No good solution yet!! Clients must construct working Contact UI!! Works if registrar and proxy are co-located 2010 Jörg Ott Jörg Ott 28
8 SIP Client esponse outing and s SIP message SIP Proxy INVITE sip:user@.com SIP/2.0 Via: SIP/2.0/UDP :5060; branch=z9hg4bkkjshdyff Symmetric esponse outing: ehavior SIP Client SIP message SIP Proxy 2 SIP Proxy 1 INVITE sip:user@.com SIP/2.0 Via: SIP/2.0/UDP proxy1; branch=z9hg4bkkjsh33 Via: SIP/2.0/UDP :5060; received= ; rport=4560; branch=z9hg4bkkjshdyff : :5060!! Forwarding!! Append port value to rport parameter!! Adding received parameter with IP address original message has been received from 2010 Jörg Ott Jörg Ott 31 SIP Extension for Symmetric esponse outing Processing esponse Messages (1) SIP Client SIP message SIP Proxy INVITE sip:user@.com SIP/2.0 Via: SIP/2.0/UDP :5060; rport;branch=z9hg4bkkjshdyff SIP Client SIP message SIP Proxy 2 SIP Proxy 1 SIP/ OK Via: SIP/2.0/UDP proxy1; branch=z9hg4bkkjsh33 Via: SIP/2.0/UDP :5060; received= ; rport=4560; branch=z9hg4bkkjshdyff :5060!! rport!! Parameter for Via-header-field!! Semantics!! Don t use endpoint address in Viaheader for response routing!! Use address this message has been received from : Jörg Ott Jörg Ott 32
9 Processing esponse Messages (2) Solutions (for Media Session Startup) SIP Client SIP message SIP Proxy 2 SIP Proxy 1 SIP/ OK Via: SIP/2.0/UDP :5060; received= ; rport=4560; branch=z9hg4bkkjshdyff!! [Application Layer Gateways]!! Middlebox Communications (MIDCOM)!! Simple Traversal of UDP through s (STUN*) :5060!! Strip top Via header field!! Send response message to!! Travel Using elay (TUN*)!! Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE*) *) Unilateral Self-address fixing (UNSAF) considerations (FC 3424) 2010 Jörg Ott Jörg Ott 35 SIP egistration and s!! SIP user agent registers contact address (current reachable endpoint address) with registrar!! Problem in the presence of s!! How to determine valid contact address?!! No standard solution today, but multiple approaches!! Send message to server and evaluate received and rport parameters!! Use non-sip servers for self-address fixing (STUN)!! Issue: Can only receive messages from server the EGISTE request has been sent to (depending on type)!! All messages to UA must traverse this proxy!! Solution: Path: extension header!! Discover and record sequence of proxies that must be used for contacting UA!! Use of pre-loaded oute mechanism 2010 Jörg Ott 34 SIP Application Layer Gateway (1)!! Gateway system with application intelligence!! Co-located with / firewall/router!! Different configurations!! Transparent/Nontransparent!! Fixes SIP messages by adapting SDP description and possibly headers SIP UA Corporate Intranet m=audio TP/AVP 0 c=in IP a= 2010 Jörg Ott 36 H SIP proxy SIP UA m=audio TP/AVP 0 c=in IP a=rtcp:58005 a=
10 S F SIP and s / Firewalls S N (via ISPs) S F F Site 1 Site 2 F 2010 Jörg Ott 37 MIDCOM!! Idea: Application-independent Control Protocol!! SIP UA (or proxy) controls on-path intermediaries!! Open pinholes, obtain bindings etc.!! Example: UPnP control of DSL routers!! equirements specification: FC 3304!! Abstract semantics: FC 3989!! Evaluation of Candidate Protocols: FC 4097!! Simple Management Protocol (SNMP)!! ealm-specific IP (SIP)!! Media Gateway Control (MEGACO)!! Diameter!! Common Open Policy Service (COPS)!! Next Steps in Signaling (NSIS): draft-ietf-nsis-nslp-natfw-20.txt 2010 Jörg Ott 39 SIP Application Layer Gateway (2) MIDCOM!! Issues!! SIP proxies not allowed to change session description!! Conflicts with security, i.e., SIP and S/MIME!! ALG solution requires application-specific support for each application!! Have to be upgraded for new applications!! Application s may be complex (ALG builders may not get them right)!! Scalability!! Functionality concentrated on single /ALG box S F N (via ISPs) F F Site 1 Site 2 F S!! eliability!! ewriting of SIP messages not robust with respect to extensions, future versions etc Jörg Ott Jörg Ott 40
11 MIDCOM Issues!! Needs to be standardized in the first place!! Must be supported by vendors (may loose their competitive edge)!! If so, products need to become available and to be deployed!! Needs to be really secure (authentication, authorization) hard to achieve!! Example: UPnP is rather insecure today!! Location problem: How to discover intermediaries?!! Organizational problems: Cannot control box of public ISP!! e.g., in a WLAN hot-spot!! Authentication of users and authorization of operations!! Motivation for the hot-spot operator? 2010 Jörg Ott 41 FC 3489: Simple Traversal of UDP Through s (STUN) 1.! inding request to STUN server 1 STUN Client : :3344 STUN STUN server :3345 (may be the same physical machine and just use a different IP address/port)!! No esponse?!! No UDP connectivity, give up!! esponse!! returns MAPPED-ADDESS ()!! eflexive address learned by the client!! "Client is behind!! ut what type of? 2010 Jörg Ott 43 FC 3489: Simple of UDP Through s (STUN)!! Detect type and public IP address!! External server echos observed source address and port!! Optionally request IP address and/or port change for response!! Still not available for requests from any host outside... STUN Client STUN STUN server 1.! Echo source address, send from recv port 2.! Client requested port change 3.! Client requested address change eceived/dropped responses determine type of 2010 Jörg Ott 42 FC 3489: Simple Traversal of UDP Through s (STUN) 2.! inding request to STUN server 1 with change IP and change port flags STUN Client : :3344 STUN STUN server :3345!! esponse?!! "Client is behind full cone!! No esponse?!! epeat Test 1 (1 )!! Send inding equest to server 2!! 2 returns MAPPED-ADDESS () "Client is behind restricted/ port restricted!! 2 returns other MAPPED-ADDESS " Client is behind a symmetric 2010 Jörg Ott 44
12 FC 3489: Simple Traversal of UDP Through s (STUN) 3.! inding request to STUN server 1 with change port flag STUN Client : :3344 STUN STUN server :3345!! esponse?!! "Client is behind restricted!! No esponse?!! "Client is behind port restricted!! epeat transmissions because of potential packet loss FC 5389 (3489bis)!! Simple Traversal Underneath Address Translators (STUN)!! emoves attempt to understand and identify types!! Only the mapping is obtained and connectivity can be checked!! Traversal realized differently " see TUN and ICE!! Adds XOed reflected transport addresses!! FINGEPINT to support demultiplexing STUN and data packets!! Challenge-response authentication!! Generalizes operations: base + usages!! equest-response pairs + server-initiated indications!! Short-term password usage: TLS-based sharing of a secret!! inding usage: simple address discovery!! Keepalive usage: maintain the bindings alive!! External: TUN usage: support packet reflection by a server 2010 Jörg Ott Jörg Ott 47 STUN Security!! Anybody could send UDP messages with faked IP addresses!! Gives rise to numerous attacks!! Establish a shared secret between client and server!! Performed via TLS (i.e., reliable and secured transport)!! authenticated by means of certificate!! issues temporary username and password!! Used in subsequent UDP-based STUN binding requests for authentication!! Alternative: STUN client and server share a signaling relationship!! E.g. a SIP dialog when the STUN server runs on the peer system!! STUN server dynamically instantiated on each TP or TCP port!! Leverage the trust previously established no need for TLS connection 2010 Jörg Ott 46 STUN Summary!! STUN provides a means for an application to traverse s!! Detect existence of s!! [Detect type of s]!! Maintain address bindings alive in!! Learn address bindings and usable public address!! Intended for enabling peer-to-peer communication in scenarios!! Not a complete solution!! Symmetric s still a problem!! Does not help if both peers are behind s!! Approach to deal with symmetric s!! un STUN server with each media endpoint!! (on each TP/TCP port)!! Does not help if both endpoints are behind different s 2010 Jörg Ott 48
13 Traversal Using elay (TUN)!! Idea: Provide forwarding service in the public internet!! Client behind has single connection to TUN server!! forwards incoming packets destined for TUN client # elay!! Protocol-agnostic no ALG needed!! Authentication to prevent DoS-attacks (similar to STUN) 1.! Allocate TUN port TUN-enabled SIP phone TUN SIP phone 2.! TUN-response, including address/port 3.! SIP registration with TUN contact 4.! SIP request from outside is routed to TUN (similar for media) 2010 Jörg Ott 49 STUN elay Details (2)!! Uses STUN framework for message exchanges!! Defines new STUN usage!! Uses the same authentication mechanisms!! STUN and TUN servers likely to be identical!! elaying of both UDP and TCP!! Mapping between different transport s possible UDP " UDP, TCP " TCP, TCP " UDP, TLS " TCP, TLS " UDP!! Identification of a transport relationship by means of a 5-tuple!! Source, Destination IP address and port, id!! Internal 5-tuple: STUN/TUN server!! External 5-tuple: STUN/TUN server remote peer!! Introduces additional 4-byte framing!! Distinguish STUN requests from application data!! Distinguish framed from unframed STUN messages 2010 Jörg Ott 51 Client goes for peer 1 Client Allocate (UDP) esp (IP Addr, port) Create Permission(1,2) esponse Send (dst=1, data) Send (dst=2, data) Data Ind. (src=1, data) Data Ind. (src=2, data) Channelind Data packets efresh request STUN elay Details TUN server Listening address created Creating forwarding permissions oth 1 and 2 have permission to send packets to the client Data packet Data packet Data packet Data packet Peer 1 uses efficient encaps. Peer 2 can still talk Data packets 1 Peers 2 Client may use Closeinding to Disable peer 2 Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE)!! s with segmented connectivity, different address realms!! Try to find optimal connection between endpoints!! Use relays only if necessary!! Support for STUN and TUN!! draft-ietf-mmusic-ice-19.txt!! An end-to-end solution avoiding assumptions about middle-boxes!! May be obsoleted by middlebox control some fine day!! Applies to media path, not signaling!! ut signaling must be aware of ICE (specific SDP attributes)!! Poor default behavior for non-ice clients!! Abstract signaling model!! Fits SIP, H.323, TSP and similar s 2010 Jörg Ott Jörg Ott 52
14 Operation!! Idea: peers exchange lists of transport addresses, mutual connectivity tests!! Clients must detect own transport addresses!! The more, the better!! Local interfaces (including private addresses, e.g. in 10/8 net)!! Detection using external reflectors (e.g. STUN, TUN)!! Assigned tunnel addresses (e.g. PPTP)!! Clients run STUN servers on every published transport address!! Explicit keep-alives for binding!! Shared with media streams A ICE: Address Gathering STUN TUN STUN TUN Host candidates: :51000, : reflexive candidates: :58000, 130: :58090 elayed candidates: :63673 Addresses need! per media stream (audio, video)! per component (TP, TCP) 2010 Jörg Ott Jörg Ott 55 Operation Details: 9 Steps [some of the following slides inspired by Jonathan osenberg s ICE tutorial given on 7 November 2006 at the 67 th IETF]!! Step 1: Allocation!! Step 2: Prioritization!! Step 3: Initiation!! Step 4: Allocation!! Step 5: Information!! Step 6: Verification!! Step 7: Coordination!! Step 8: Communication!! Step 9: Confirmation Address Gathering and Prioritization!! Address gathering can cause significant traffic!! Multiple interfaces, IP address versions, STUN servers!! Multiple media streams and components per stream!! May cause network or overload!! Pace transmission (20ms intervals)!! Prioritization across candidates:!! eflect the quality (e.g., in terms of minimal overhead)!! Host addresses are better than reflexive ones are better than relayed!! TP over TCP priority = (2^24)*(type preference) +(2^8)*(local preference) +(2^0)*(256 - component ID) 2010 Jörg Ott Jörg Ott 56
15 A ICE: Address Gathering and Encoding STUN STUN v=0 o=jo IN IP s=t=0 0 c=in IP m=audio TP/AVP 0 a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000 a=candidate:1 1 UDP typ local TUN TUN a=candidate:2 1 UDP typ local a=candidate:3 1 UDP typ srflx raddr rport a=candidate: UDP : typ srflx raddr rport a=candidate:5 1 UDP typ relay raddr rport Host candidates: :51000, : reflexive candidates: :58000, 130: :58090 elayed candidates: :63673 A ICE Address Verification STUN TUN STUN TUN 2010 Jörg Ott Jörg Ott 59 ICE Operation 6. ICE Address Verification 1, 2 Gather addresses Offer 3 5 Answer Gather addresses A STUN checks confirmation Media streams Offer Answer ring the phone 2010 Jörg Ott 58 TUN TUN! Send test messages and await replies: from all candidates to all candidates! Successively go (again paced) through all address pairs! Use priority ordering (pairing) to determine the trial order (shall ensure that better ones are tested first) 2010 Jörg Ott 60
16 A 6. ICE Address Verification TUN TUN! Nodes may learn further candidates from the address checks: peer-reflexive candidates (e.g., s view of an interface of A) Summary: Top 10 ICE Facts 1.! ICE makes use of Simple Traversal Underneath (STUN) and Traversal Using elay (TUN) 2.! ICE is a form of p2p traversal 3.! ICE only requires a network to provide STUN and TUN servers 4.! ICE allows for media to flow even in very challenging network conditions 5.! ICE can make sure the phone doesn t ring unless media connectivity exists 6.! ICE dynamically discovers the shortest path for media to travel between endpoints 7.! ICE has a side effect of eliminating a key DoS attack on SIP (Voice Hammer) 8.! ICE works through nearly any type of and firewall 9.! ICE does not require the endpoint to discover the s, their type, or their presence 10.! ICE only uses relays in the worst case when OTH sides are behind symmetric 2010 Jörg Ott Jörg Ott ICE Address Verification Summary: SIP and Firewalls / s!! Do not go together well!! SIP servers for enterprises may be reachable for SIP signaling!! -based address translation invalidates SIP message contents!! Firewalls do not let voice packets pass A TUN TUN! Successively go through multiple components and multiple media streams! Use previously successful candidate pairs earlier (adapt prioritization) 2010 Jörg Ott 62!! Problem not restricted to SIP!! TSP to signal media streams, multicast media streams, etc.!! New application s (yet) unknown to s!! Guidelines for application design for s: FC 3235!! Frequent fallback position: tunneling through HTTP (port 80)!! ALGs for controlled environments!! ICE: one solution set preserving end-to-end model 2010 Jörg Ott 64
17 Some eadings on Traversal!! Overview document in the Noppa repository (Ari Keränen)!! FC 4787: ehavioral equirements for UDP!! FC 5135: ehavioral equirements for Multicast!! FC 5382: ehavioral equirements for TCP!! FC 5508: s and ICMP!! FC 3489: STUN (obsoleted), FC 5389: STUN new!! draft-ietf-behave-turn-16.txt: TUN (+ related ones for TCP,...)!! draft-ietf-mmusic-ice-19.txt: ICE!! draft-ietf-mmusic-ice-tcp-08.txt: ICE for TCP!! draft-ietf-behave-nat-behavior-discovery-08.txt!! draft-ietf-nsis-nslp-natfw-20.txt: NSIS for MIDCOM signaling!! FC 4008: MI for s!! FC 5182: State of P2P through 2010 Jörg Ott 65
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