International Cooperation in High Energy Physics. Barry Barish Caltech 30-Oct-06

Transcription

1 International Cooperation in High Energy Physics Barry Barish Caltech 30-Oct-06

2 International Collaboration a brief history The Beginning of Modern Particle Physics The Discovery of the π Meson (1947) by Cecil Powell of the University of Bristol, using photographic emulsions at sites located at high altitude mountains (first at Pic du Midi de Bigorre in the Pyrenees and later at Chacaltaya in the Andes This led to an international collaboration searching for cosmic ray interactions using an American balloon and British emulsions. 30-Oct-06 Hawaii DPF 2

3 International Collaboration a brief history Then Began the Era of Large Particle Accelerators Required significant resources I.I. Rabi in recognized and stated, the urgency of creating regional centres and laboratories in order to increase and make fruitful the international collaboration of scientists in fields where the effort of any one country is insufficient for the task. CERN Synchro- Cyclotron 600 MeV 1957 This soon led to accelerator projects at BNL (1947) and the setting up of CERN in Geneva in Oct-06 Hawaii DPF 3

4 International Collaboration a brief history Big Bubble Chambers (1960s) Large (often international) teams formed to analyze millions of pictures 30-Oct-06 Hawaii DPF 4

5 International Collaboration a brief history Big Bubble Chambers (1960s) Large (often international) teams formed to analyze millions of pictures This led to the discovery of the large number of so-called elementary particles Discovery of Omego-minus SU(3) and the Quark Model made sense of this jungle of particles 30-Oct-06 Hawaii DPF 5

6 International Collaboration a brief history Scintillators, Spark Chambers and Triggered Experiments (the alternate approach) Discoveries - antiprotons; CP violation; two neutrinos; etc 30-Oct-06 Hawaii DPF 6

7 International Collaboration a brief history Then the November Revolution (1974) The unexpected discovery of the J/Ψ Proton Collisions Big Electronic Detector Electron Positron Big Collider Detector 30-Oct-06 Hawaii DPF 7

8 International Collaboration a brief history The Beginning of the Era of the Collider Large Magnetic Detectors and Large International Collaborations The Standard Model confirmed in detail at LEP ALEPH physicists from 32 institutes in 10 countries. 30-Oct-06 Hawaii DPF 8

9 International Collaboration a brief history Large non-accelerator Detectors Neutrino Oscillations SNO Detector SuperKamiokande KamLAND 30-Oct-06 Hawaii DPF 9

10 International Collaboration a brief history B factories Belle and BaBar CP Violation in B Physics 30-Oct-06 Hawaii DPF 10

11 International Collaboration a brief history Emergence of Particle Astrophysics Highest Energy Cosmic Rays The Interface of Particle Physics and High Energy Cosmic Ray Physics 30-Oct-06 Hawaii DPF 11

12 International Collaboration a brief history Emergence of Particle Astrophysics TeV Gamma Ray Astronomy The Interface of Particle Physics and Astrophysics 30-Oct-06 Hawaii DPF 12

13 Pacific Region 30-Oct-06 Hawaii DPF 13

14 Pacific Region human resources 30-Oct-06 Hawaii DPF 14

15 Pacific Region growing economic power 30-Oct-06 Hawaii DPF 15

16 Pacific Region growing economic power 30-Oct-06 Hawaii DPF 16

17 U.S. West Coast The Role of the Pacific Region The B-factories SLAC LBNL and the West Coast Universities Univ of California; Caltech; Stanford; Oregon etc. 30-Oct-06 Hawaii DPF 17

18 U.S. Univ of Hawaii The Role of the Pacific Region Belle SuperK BES Hawaii Anita 30-Oct-06 Hawaii DPF 18

19 U.S. Univ of Hawaii The Role of the Pacific Region KamLAND reaches the earth s center 30-Oct-06 Hawaii DPF 19

20 JAPAN The Role of the Pacific Region Superkamiokande KamLAND KEK Belle (CP; B Physics) 30-Oct-06 Hawaii DPF 20

21 China Emerging Asia The Role of the Pacific Region India 30-Oct-06 Hawaii DPF 21

22 Korea Emerging Asia The Role of the Pacific Region Long Baseline Neutrinos 30-Oct-06 Hawaii DPF 22

23 International Collaboration how did we get here? Theorists have collaborated worldwide scientist to scientist with few barriers Experimentalists also developed scientist to scientist collaboration internationally, but involves resources. International Union for Physics and Applied Physics (IUPAP) created the International Committee for Future Accelerators (ICFA) in 1976 ICFA sponsored a resolution which was supported by all the existing laboratories (and by implication, the sponsoring agencies) to the effect that criteria for acceptance of proposals on high energy accelerator facilities should be based only on scientific merit and ability of the proposers to carry out the research. 30-Oct-06 Hawaii DPF 23

24 International Collaboration now and in the future Experiments in all areas are performed by large international collaborations Facilities Accelerators; Underground Facilities; Space are generally supported nationally or regionally The next step is internationalizing the facilties for the next generation of science Large Hadron Collider Regional with International Participants International Linear Collider International from Concept to Proposal to Governance to the Science 30-Oct-06 Hawaii DPF 24

25 International Collaboration what s the future? ICFA has continued for 50 years to lead in the development of the field and the use of facilities Accelerator R&D Computer networking Large Collaborations Recent statements and actions toward the International Linear Collider have been crucial CERN is our closest approximation of an international laboratory -- LHC is the next big facility in the field, involving CERN member states and many others. 30-Oct-06 Hawaii DPF 25

26 Accelerators and the Energy Frontier Large Hadron Collider CERN Geneva Switzerland 30-Oct-06 Hawaii DPF 26

27 Electron Positron Colliders The Energy Frontier 30-Oct-06 Hawaii DPF 27

28 Why e + e - Collisions? elementary particles well-defined energy, angular momentum uses full COM energy produces particles democratically can mostly fully reconstruct events 30-Oct-06 Hawaii DPF 28

29 Electroweak Precision Measurements 6 4 Winter 2003 theory uncertainty Δα (5) had = ± ± Without NuTeV What causes mass?? The mechanism Higgs or alternative appears around the corner 2 Excluded Preliminary m H [GeV] 30-Oct-06 Hawaii DPF 29

30 How do you know you have discovered the Higgs? Measure the quantum numbers. The Higgs must have spin zero! The linear collider will measure the spin of any Higgs it can produce by measuring the energy dependence from threshold 30-Oct-06 Hawaii DPF 30

31 International Technology Review Panel 30-Oct-06 Hawaii DPF 31

32 The ITRP Recommendation We recommend that the linear collider be based on superconducting rf technology This recommendation is made with the understanding that we are recommending a technology, not a design. We expect the final design to be developed by a team drawn from the combined warm and cold linear collider communities, taking full advantage of the experience and expertise of both (from the Executive Summary). 30-Oct-06 Hawaii DPF 32

33 SCRF Technology Recommendation The recommendation of ITRP was presented to ILCSC & ICFA on August 19, 2004 in a joint meeting in Beijing. ICFA unanimously endorsed the ITRP s recommendation on August 20, Oct-06 Hawaii DPF 33

34 Global Effort on Design / R&D for ILC EU US Asia 2003 年 7 月 Joint Design, Implementation, Operations, Management Host Country Provides Conventional Facilities 30-Oct-06 Hawaii DPF 34

35 few GeV Designing a Linear Collider pre-accelerator source KeV damping ring few GeV few GeV GeV final focus extraction & dump bunch compressor main linac collimation IP Superconducting RF Main Linac 30-Oct-06 Hawaii DPF 35

36 International Collaboration conclusions International Collaboration in High Energy Physics is more important than ever. The Pacific Region is capable of playing a major and increasing role as we enter the coming era. The Mission of Particle Physics is expanding, to embrace much of the forward looking science spearheaded in the Pacific Region over the past decade Asia will be full partners and perhaps hosts of the next great particle accelerator the ILC 30-Oct-06 Hawaii DPF 36